CCMAS Course Search

Definition, historical concepts and the development of modern pharmacology, therapeutics, clinical pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacology in relation to the health professions. Medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing. The role of pharmacology in the drug industry. Drug development, evaluation and control. Role of pharmacology in public health, social and preventive medicine. Information source. How to search for drug information, use of reference and cross–reference, book index, journals, list of useful reference books. Origin/source of drugs. Routes of administration of drugs. Biological membranes and transport of drugs, drug- body interaction. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Absorption and influencing factors. Drug distribution in the body compartment and fluid volumes, binding to plasma proteins, tissues and organs; passage into the CNS, passage across placenta. Biotransformation. Chemical pathways of drug metabolism, sites of biotransformation, liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system, Phase I and Phase II reactions, types of phases I, types of phase II reactions (glucuronidation, acetylation, glycine conjugation), inhibition, depression and induction of enzymes. Major routes of drug elimination and termination of effects (renal, biliary and faecal excretion), other minor routes (lungs, skin). Rates of drug absorption and elimination, measurements of clearance and apparent volume of distribution, factors influencing clearance and distribution, bioavailability, half-life, first pass effect. Use of pharmacokinetics in designing dosage regimes. Loading dose, maintenance dose. Clinical relevance of drug metabolism. Individual differences, drug-drug interactions, interaction between drugs and endogenous compounds. Factors affecting pharmacokinetics processes, disease, feeding status, age, sex. Pharmacodynamics. Mode of action of drugs. Molecular mechanism of drug action, drug receptor interactions, drugs acting on enzyme systems, non-specific interaction of drugs with living systems. Dose-effect relation of drugs. Dose-response curve, concentration-effect curve, potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, biological assay, effective dose (ED50), toxic dose (LD50), lethal dose (LD50), receptor binding of agonists and antagonists, competitive and non-competitive antagonists, partial agonist, receptor-effector coupling, spare receptors, other antagonism, chemical and physiological. Variability in individual response. Idiosyncrasy, pharmacogenetics, hypo-and hyper-reactivity, hypersensitivity, tolerance, tachyphylaxis. Adverse drug reactions, dose- related drug toxicity, acute and chronic over dosage. Drug dependence and addiction, underlying biological basis of addiction as a disease, differential diagnostic criteria for drug abuse vs. dependence and their differences, mechanism of action within the CNS of major drugs of abuse. Signs and symptoms of overdose caused by major drugs of abuse (including alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines), signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of opioid abuse and dependence and their relative benefits and side effects; pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of alcohol abuse and their relative benefits and side effects. Drug discovery and clinical trials, phases of clinical trials. Differences between single and double-blind designs for clinical trials. Definition of IND and NDA. Ways in which a clinical drug study is evaluated. 77

General Principle of Pharmacology, Pharmacology for Central Nervous System disorders, skeletal muscles and cerebrovascular pharmacology and many others. Determination of dosage, application, essential chemical contents, their pharmacologic actions, route and depth of penetration of topical drugs and required instrumentations shall be taught.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process, special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation, biological rhythms, composition and functions of blood haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count, plasma proteins, coagulation fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system – blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo-endothelial system, immunity and immunodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Immunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Imunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.