Introductory Physiology and Blood

At the end of the course, the students should be able to 1. describe the composition of a cell membrane; 2. explain how a potential difference across a membrane will influence the distribution of a cation and an anion; 3. describe how transport rates of certain molecules and ions are accelerated by specific membrane transport proteins; 4. distinguish between active (primary and secondary) transport, facilitated diffusion, and passive diffusion based on energy source and carrier protein involvement; 5. identify the mechanisms and role of selective transporters for amino acids, neurotransmitters, nutrients, etc.; 6. explain the general concepts of homeostasis and the principles of positive and negative feedback in physiological systems; 7. identify the site of erythropoietin production, the stimulus for its release, and the target tissue for erythropoietin action; 8. discuss the normal balance of red blood cell synthesis and destruction, including how imbalances in each lead to anemia or polycythemia; 9. list and differentiate the various types of leukocytes; 10. describe the role of thrombocytes in haemostasis; and 11. list clotting factors and the discuss the mechanism of anti-coagulants.

Introduction and history of physiology. Structure and functions of cell membranes. Transport process. Special transport mechanism in amphibian bladder, kidney, gall bladder, intestine, astrocytes and exocrine glands. Biophysical principles. Homeostasis and control systems including temperature regulation. Biological rhythms. Composition and functions of blood. Haemopoiesis. WBC and differential count. Plasma proteins Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet functions. Blood groups –ABO system – Rh system. Blood transfusion – indication for collection and storage of blood, hazards of blood transfusions. Reticulo- endothelial system. Immunity and immodeficiency disease and HIV.