CCMAS Course Search

The students will be taught methods on how to carry out research. The research method must be a first semester course and the evaluation of the course will primarily depend on the ability of the student to develop a good proposal on the topic he or she was assigned or chosen. (1 Credit) An individual or team project selected from a list of projects at the beginning of the final year. Work on the project continues throughout the final year under the supervision of a lecturer. Students may also suggest their own projects. The project report must be typed, bound and defended before the Departmental Academic Board and an external examiner before graduation. (5 Credits) Minimum Academic Standards Equipment Drilling Fluid and Cement Laboratory Mixers and cups Marsh funnels Direct indication viscometers Consistometer Pressure filter press Constant temperature water bath Roller oven Standard API sand sieve Retort kit Resistivity meter Mud rheometers pH meters Mud balance Chemical balance Standard filter press Filter papers Bentonite, barytes and mud additives (chemicals) Cement analyser List oF PVT Laboratory Equipment Visual PVT cell Recombination cell Oil molecular weight tester (Cryette Cryoscope) Multi-stage flash separator Gasometer Digital density meter High pressure high temperature density meter (Pycnometer) Electromagnet viscometer or rolling ball viscometer Gas cylinder Oil cylinder Gas chromatograph (with all support gases such as hydrogen, air and helium) for gas analysis Gas chromatograph (with all support gases such as hydrogen, air and helium) for liquid analysis Positive displacement pump PVT surface sampling kits Pressure generator system Sample restoration apparatus Weigh balance Other Accessories in the PVT Laboratory Heating mantle UPS Digital pressure gauge Piping materials for gas chromatograph installation Core Analysis and Reservoir Engineering Laboratory S/N Equipment Accessories 1 Resistivity meters tensiometer 2 Core slabbing crosscut and band saws 3 Core milling machine 4 Core preservation system Refrigerator, wax bath and core trays 5 Dean stark equipment 6 Distillation assembly Compressor 7 Porosimeters Nitrogen cylinder/gas 8 Core cleaner (Soxhlet extractor) Heating mantle and oven 9 Centrifugal extractor 10 High pressure saturator 11 Capillary pressure test equipment 12 Refractometer 13 Liquid and gas permeameters Nitrogen cylinder/gas 14 Planimeter Other Equipment 15 Core trimming/cutting machine 16 CT scanner 17 Gamma ray logging machine 18 Digital core photography camera 19 Humidity and conventional oven 20 Particle size analyzer 21 Retort oven 22 Miniature core flooding system Compressor nitrogen cylinder/gas 23 Amott cell Production Laboratory Viscosimeters Hydrometers Corrosion test kits Flow meter rig Centrifuge Computer Laboratory The computer laboratory should have at least 40 PCs, with at least one of the following softwares installed. No. Area Software Purpose 1 Reservoir MBAL Material balance calculation/Decline engineering curve analysis 2 Reservoir ECLIPSE Dynamic simulation engineering 3 Production PROSPER Nodal analysis, stimulation, gaslift design 4 Formation TECHLOG Petrophysical evaluation evaluation 5 Geology PETREL Seismic and 3-D modeling 6 Economics CYRISTAL BALL Economic evaluation 7 Field QUESTOR Cost estimation and development/ development Concept selection Other Requirements for Training of Students CD/DVD players LCD screens Projectors Wireless speakers Audio CDs, tapes, etc. On petroleum engineering courses Some disused oil field equipment like stabilizers, centralisers, drilling bits, well head assembly, gas lift mandrels, etc. Demonstration rigs Demonstration flow stations Staffing Academic Staff The NUC guidelines on staff/student ratio of 1:15 for Engineering and Technology departments shall apply. However, there should be a minimum of six full-time equivalents of Staff in the department. There is need to have a reasonable number of Staff with doctoral degrees as well as sufficient industrial experience. With a minimum load of 15 Units per semester for students and a minimum of six full-time equivalent of staff in each programme, staff should have a maximum of 15 contact hours per week for lectures, tutorials, practical’s and supervision of projects. NUC requirement encourages all academic staff to have PhD degrees; hence appointment of academic staff is preferably to the Lecturer cadre. Only in exceptional cases are candidates with great promise appointed to Graduate Assistant and Assistant Lecturer positions for the purpose of being developed to the Lecturer cadre as registered PhD candidates. Academic Support Personnel Teaching Assistant/Demonstrators to help lecturers in the conduct of tutorials, practical’s and field work. This category of personnel is not expected to be regular staff as they are to be paid on the basis of approved hourly rate. Administrative Support Staff The services of the administrative support staff are indispensable in the proper administration of the departments and faculty offices. It is important to recruit very competent senior staff that are computer literate. Technical Support Personnel The services of technical support staff, which are indispensable in the proper running of laboratories and workshop/studios are required. It is important to recruit very competent senior technical staff to maintain teaching and research equipment. They are also to undergo regular training to keep them abreast of developments in equipment operation and maintenance. The minimum of academic staff to technical staff ratio of 5:1 should be maintained. Minimum Number of Staff Subject to the general standards specified by NUC: 1. there should be a minimum of two PhDs and four M.Eng degree holders full-time academic staff to mount the programme; 2. each workshop or laboratory should have an adequate number of staff with the right mix, such that each unit or section in that workshop or laboratory can run efficiently; and 3. there should be an adequate number of administrative staff of the appropriate caliber for the office of the Head of Department to run. Student/Staff Ratio The minimum staff-to-student ratio should be 1:15 from 200 level to 500 level. Library There must be adequate library facilities to cater for the interest of all the programmes in the faculty. These include current journals, handbooks, textbooks, manuals, codes of practice, and standards and specifications in sufficient numbers. Classrooms, Laboratories, Workshops, Clinics and Offices The NUC recommends the following physical space requirement: Academic m2 Professor’s office 18.50 Head of Department’s office 18.50 Tutorial teaching staff space 13.50 Other teaching staff space 7.00 Technical staff space 7.00 Science staff research laboratory 16.50 Engineering staff research laboratory 14.50 Seminar space per student 1.85 Drawing office space (A.O. board) (Per student) 4.60 Drawing Office Space (A.I. board) (Per student) 3.70 Laboratory space 7.50 Non-Academic Secretarial space 7.00 Office Accommodation The requirements for office accommodation are: S/No Office No in Facilities Room 1. HOD 1 Table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit, Secretary and facilities. 2. Professor 1 Table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit, Secretary and facilities. 3. Reader 1 Table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit. 4. Senior 1 Table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, Lecturer computer unit. 5. Lecturer I 2 Table, chairs, fan, filing cabinet, bookshelves. 6. Lecturer II 3 Table, chairs, fan, filing cabinet, bookshelves

Definitions of research, choosing a research topic in health information management, background to the study formulating statement of problems, stating the objectives of the study, stating research questions and formulation of hypotheses, writing significance of study, scope and limitation of study operational Definition of terms. Methods of surveying the literature, sources of information in project writing. Research designs population of study, sampling procedures and sample size. Design of research instruments, methods of validity and reliability of the research instruments, methods of data collection, data analysis, hypothesis testing using chi-squared (x2 ), students “t” text, f- ratio test, normal distribution, analysis of variance and covariance, non- parametric statistics, correlation regression and time series analysis. Definition of Proposal writing, types of research proposal, Contents of Proposal writing, importance of research proposal, content of introductory section, general and specific objectives, statement of problems, justification for research, essential parts of literature proposal, contents of methodology, sampling techniques, various of data collection methods, data analysis and presentation, components of good work plan, cost analysis for proposed activities. Ciantt’s method of writing work plan, referencing styles, work plan for the proposed activities, executive summary of the proposal or abstract.

The students will be taught methods of carrying out research. The research methods must be a first semester course and the evaluation of the course will primarily depend on the ability of the student to develop a good proposal on the topic he/she chose or was assigned. (1 Credit) An individual or team project selected from a list of projects at the beginning of the final year. Work on the project continues throughout the final year under the supervision of a lecturer. The student may also suggest their own project. The project report must be typed, bound and defended before the departmental academic board and an external examiner before graduation. (5 Credit). Minimum Academic Standards Equipment List of Laboratory Equipment and Software Drilling Fluid and Cement Laboratory 1. mixers and cups 2. marsh funnels 3. direct indication viscometers 4. consistometer 5. pressure filter press 6. constant temperature water bath 7. roller oven 8. standard API sand sieve 9. retort kit 10. resistivity meter 11. mud rheometers 12. pH meters 13. mud balance 14. chemical balance 15. standard filter press 16. filter papers 17. bentonite, barytes and mud additives(chemicals) 18. cement analyzer List of PVT Laboratory Equipment 1. visual PVT cell 2. recombination cell 3. oil molecular eight tester (Cryette Cryoscope) 4. multi-stage flash separator 5. gasometer 6. digital density meter 7. high pressure high temperature density meter (pycnometer) 8. electromagnet viscometer or rolling ball viscometer 9. gas cylinder 10. oil cylinder 11. gas chromatograph (with all support gases such as hydrogen, air, and helium) for gas analysis 12. gas chromatograph (with all support gases such as hydrogen, air, and helium) for liquid analysis 13. positive displacement pump 14. PVT surface sampling kits 15. pressure generator system 16. sample restoration apparatus 17. weigh balance Other Accessories in the PVT Laboratory 1. heating mantle 2. UPS 3. digital pressure gauge 4. piping materials for gas chromatograph installation Core Analysis and Reservoir Engineering Laboratory S/n Equipment Accessories 1 resistivity meters tensiometer 2 core slabbing crosscut and band saws 3 core milling machine 4 core preservation system refrigerator, wax bath, core trays 5 dean stark equipment 6 distillation assembly Compressor 7 Porosimeters nitrogen cylinder/gas 8 core cleaner (soxhlet extractor) heating mantle, oven 9 centrifugal extractor 10 high pressure saturator 11 capillary pressure test equipment 12 Refractometer 13 liquid and gas permeameters nitrogen cylinder/gas 14 Planimeter Other equipment 15 core trimming/cutting machine 16 CT scanner 17 gamma ray logging machine 18 digital core photography camera 19 humidity and conventional oven 20 particle size analyzer 21 retort oven 22 miniature core flooding system compressor nitrogen cylinder/gas 23 amott cell Production Laboratory a. Viscosimeters b. Hydrometers c. Corrosion test k d. Flow meter rig e. Centrifuge Computer Laboratory The computer laboratory should have at least 40 PCs with at least one of the following software installed: No Area Software Purpose 1 Reservoir Engineering MBAL material balance calculation / decline curve analysis 2 Reservoir Engineering ECLIPSE dynamic simulation 3 Production PROSPER nodal analysis, stimulation, gaslift design 4 Formation Evaluation TECHLOG petrophysical evaluation 5 Geology PETREL seismic and 3-D modeling 6 Economics CYRISTAL BALL economic evaluation 7 Field Development QUESTOR cost estimation and development concept selection Other requirements for training of students 1. CD/DVD players 2. LCD screens 3. projectors 4. wireless speakers 5. audio CDs, tapes on Petroleum Engineering courses 6. some disused oil field equipment like stabilizers, centralizers, drilling bits, Well head assembly, gas lift mandrels 7. demonstration rigs 8. demonstration flow stations Staffing Academic Staff The NUC guidelines on staff/student ratio of 1:15 for Engineering and Technology departments shall apply. However, there should be a minimum of six full-time equivalents of Staff in the department. There is need to have a reasonable number of Staff with doctoral degrees as well as sufficient industrial experience. With a minimum load of 15 Units per semester for students and a minimum of six full-time equivalent of staff in each programme, staff should have a maximum of 15 contact hours per week for lectures, tutorials, practical’s and supervision of projects. NUC requirement encourages all academic staff to have PhD degrees; hence appointment of academic staff is preferably to the Lecturer cadre. Only in exceptional cases are candidates with great promise appointed to Graduate Assistant and Assistant Lecturer positions for the purpose of being developed to the Lecturer cadre as registered PhD candidates. Academic Support Personnel Teaching Assistant/Demonstrators to help lecturers in the conduct of tutorials, practical’s and field work. This category of personnel is not expected to be regular staff as they are to be paid on the basis of approved hourly rate. Administrative Support Staff The services of the administrative support staff are indispensable in the proper administration of the departments and faculty offices. It is important to recruit very competent senior staff that are computer literate. Technical Support Personnel The services of technical support staff, which are indispensable in the proper running of laboratories and workshop/studios are required. It is important to recruit very competent senior technical staff to maintain teaching and research equipment. They are also to undergo regular training to keep them abreast of developments in equipment operation and maintenance. The minimum of academic staff to technical staff ratio of 5:1 should be maintained. Minimum Number of Staff Subject to the general standards specified by NUC: 1. there should be a minimum of two PhDs and four M.Eng degree holders full-time academic staff to mount the programme; 2. each workshop or laboratory should have an adequate number of staff with the right mix, such that each unit or section in that workshop or laboratory can run efficiently; and 3. there should be an adequate number of administrative staff of the appropriate caliber for the office of the Head of Department to run. Student/Staff Ratio The minimum staff-to-student ratio should be 1:15 from 200 level to 500 level Library There must be adequate library facilities to cater for the interest of all the programmes in the faculty. These include current journals, handbooks, textbooks, manuals, codes of practice, standards and specifications in sufficient numbers. Classrooms, Laboratories, Workshops, Clinics and Offices The NUC recommends the following physical space requirements: Academic m2 Professor’s Office 18.50 Head of Department’s Office 18.50 Tutorial Teaching Staff Space 13.50 Other Teaching Staff Space 7.00 Technical Staff Space 7.00 Science Staff Research Laboratory 16.50 Engineering Staff Research Laboratory 14.50 Seminar space per student 1.85 Drawing Office Space (A.O. Board) (Per Student) 4.60 Drawing Office Space (A.I. Board) (Per Student) 3.70 Laboratory Space 7.50 Non-Academic Secretarial Space 7.00 Office Accommodation S/N Office No in Room Facilities 1. HOD 1 table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit, secretary and facilities. 2. Professor 1 table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit, secretary and facilities. 3. Reader 1 table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, computer unit. 4. Senior 1 table, chairs, A/C, filing cabinet, bookshelves, Lecturer computer unit. 5. Lecturer I 2 table, chairs, fan, filing cabinet, bookshelves. 6. Lecturer II 3 table, chairs, fan, filing cabinet, bookshelves

The philosophy of research; development of research protocol; research types and design; ethics in research; technical report writing; poster presentation

UNIT 1: System Approach to Instructional design and delivery The concept of system approach to Instructional Design and Delivery Elements of system approach NOTE: Illustrate with at least two models of systems approach to instruction. 1.3 Application of systems approach to designing mediated instructional plan UNIT 2: Classification of Instructional Media.  Identification of instructional media under the audio, visual and audio media  Classification of instructional materials according to their forms and character Notes: Dale’s concept of ‘cone of experience’ and Jarome Brunner’s classification should be discussed. Jarome maintains that instructional materials can be offered or ‘represented’ in three different forms thus: (a) by a series of actions (active representation) (b) by illustrative presentation (ionic representation) (C) by symbolic presentations or logical propositions (symbolic representation). (d) the rational mode of classification from concrete to abstract experience should be stressed.  The didactic value of the various types of instructional media under:- Pictorial media (Projected and non-projected e.g. illustrations, drawings tables, figures, diagrams, films slides. D media (real objects, models, workpieces, etc) Audio media Audio Visual Media  The principles of use of the identified types of media in 2.3 above for instructional purpose. UNIT 3: Principles of perception attention, memory and communication as applied to the design and use of instructional media  The concept of perception and its significance in human learning process  The basic principles of perception and attention and state the application in instructional media design. Explanation of the concept of perceptual capacity and its implications for the design of learning media.  Definition of communication.  Identification of the basic elements in the communication process/cycle e.g. source, meaning, encoder, message, channel, receiver, disorder and noise.  Identification and explanation of common barriers to communication e.g. lack of adequate cognitive structure, stereo-typing, communication overload, frozen evaluation or mental fixation. Note: Design and use chalkboard, disdpolay/bulletin board, cloth board plastigraph and magnetic board. UNIT 4: Principles of design of resource materials  Description of the design and statement of the function and principles of the use of: Chalkboard cloth board (e.g flannel board) display/bulletin board pin board magnetic board plastigraph whiteboard flip chart. NOTE: This treatment of chalkboard includes: Design suitable for technical drawing and specific techniques of writing chalkboard notes and making chalkboard illustration. The topic could be treated under static and movable boards.  Specifications of the purpose or for production and installation of the boards in 5.1 above.  Evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of boards for instructional purpose in a classroom setting. UNIT 5: Designing, Production and use of graphic materials.  Identification and use basic materials, tools and instruments for the production of graphics for instructional purpose. E.g. drawing papers and boards, acetate, cutting tools drawing instruments (repidographs, felt pens, brushes, etc) inks and colours, pantograph.  The principles of design and description of the types and uses of the following graphic materials for instruction delivery in occupational education: Graphs charts and diagrams cartoons posters and signs etc.  Design and production of graphic materials in 5.2 above for specified instructional purpose. NOTE: Application of a variety of lettering techniques and aids should be a major stress. Graphics so produced should meet laid down criteria of quality or design.  Selection and evaluation of ready-made graphic materials above for instructional use. UNIT 6: The use of real objects, models and demonstration field trips.  Explanation of the principles of the following types of real objects in classroom/workshop instruction: unmodified real objects. modified real objects e.g. cutaway, models mock-ups, simulation devices specimens.  Identification of the materials that could be used and describe the techniques of production of models and mock-ups in own occupational area.  Specification of qualities and nature of real things, models mocu-ups or specimens to be used for specified instruction.  Production of a specified model, mock-ups or specimens for instruction use.  Explanation of the use of field trips and internship/attachment in occupational training  Explanation of the principles of planning and conduction of field trips (excursions) and internship/attachment, in occupational training. UNIT 7: Instructional Photography: Principles and Techniques of Production.  The values and uses of photographs in vocational training.  Identification and description of the essential features and working principles of basic photographic equipment and their accessories e.g. cameras, lenses and filters, flash gun, enlargers, tripods, etc.  Identification, description and explanation of the use of various photographic materials for colour and black and white photography e.g. films, chemicals paper.  Explanation of the general basic principles and process of black and white colour photography production.  Planning of instructional packages or lesson incorporating the use of photographs  Taking and producing photographs (colour, black and white) for given instructional purpose. NOTE: Production should include enlargement.  Produce scripts for instructional media photography.  Produce diagrams and illustrations for instructional purpose using photosketching techniques.  Evaluation of the instructional merits of given photographs for instructional purpose UNIT 8 Audio Materials.  Identification of the uses of audio materials in vocational training  Identification and description the various types essential features and functional principles of common audio equipment e.g. tape recorders, amplifiers, microphones, speakers, record players, headphones, etc.  Differentiating between the use of various types of audio materials e,g, various tape materials and records.  The term “fidelity” and factors which influence good reproduction e.g. characteristics of the original sound: environmental conditions in recording and playback capability of the recording system to capture all the frequencies of the original sound general functioning condition of the recording and playback system equipment operator level of capability  The principles of preparation and recording of audio materials for instructional use  Setting up and the use of audio equipment in 9.2 above for recording, dubbing and playback of complete lessons  Evaluation of instructional value and quality of a given instructional audio materials. UNIT 9: Projected Instructional Aids.  Description of essential constructional features and mode of operation of common projected aids (equipment). overhead projector close circuit TV system slide projector motion picture projector opaque projector NOTE: Treatment of this topic should cover common types of equipment.  Description of various forms and character of media materials for each equipment in 9.1  Production of transparencies, slides and film strips for instructional video programmes. NOTE: Students should produce complete lectures on video tape and typewritten transparencies.  Principles of use of ready-made instructional films, film slides for classrooms instruction.  Sources of ready-made instructional film materials in Nigeria.  Basic principles of projection as they relate to lighting lens systems screens, projection distances, seating arrangement and sound control.  Projection equipment in 9.1 above in instruction delivery.  Specifications for equipment in 9.1 above  Evaluation of quality of projected aids. UNIT 10: Reproduction Processes  Forms of reproduction processes: duplicating mimeographing (including the use of scanning process) photocopying (including Xerox process) off-set lithography  Use of basic duplicating equipment.  Main features and methods of operation of the machines used for the processes in 10.1 above.  Setting up and operating the duplicating machines in 10.2 above  Identification and correcting minor operational faults in duplicating and photocopying. UNIT 11: Instructional media management  Principles and methods or storage of instructional media resources covered in this course. NOTE: The media resources should include: consumable drawing materials (paints, paper, chemicals and clors) drawing instruments and equipment electronic equipment (television, video, projectors, recording equipment cameras models. Specimens, charts, mock-ups records, tapes and films.  Storage of media resources in institutions.  Maintenance and common repair problems associated with each type of equipment covered in this course.  Maintenance operations on instructional media equipment including cameras, tape recorder, projectors e.g. cleaning of video head and tape head.  Rectifying minor operational fault in equipment  Effective system for the utilization of media equipment and materials in an institutional setting.  Inventory system for learning resources or instructional materials in an institution. UNIT 12: The use of Computer in instruction delivery and management  Applications of computers in individualized instruction.  Academic record keeping gaming and simulation.  Nature of programming language associated with computer applications in 13.1 above.  Working principles of a computer, listing the components that are crucial to the computer operation.  Various micro-computers and the limits of their functioning.  Preparation of a computer programme  Development and running off simple programme on the computer UNIT 13: Programme Instruction in Occupational Training.  Programmed instruction and types e.g. linear, branching and methodology.  The historical, philosophical and psychological basic of programmed instruction.  The use of PT for in-school and industrial based training.  Essential character of a well designed programme.  Production of a programmed instruction package on a topic of area of specialization  Evaluation of the instructional value of given programmed instruction package.

General theoretical concepts of conducting scientific research as well as formal and logical methods of writing. Use of library and reviewing literature. Methods of conducting pilot study and preparing a thesis proposal and thesis.

Qualitative and quantitative research methods of data collection. Interview; types, objectives, recording. Questionnaire types, development. Design of experiments (laboratory procedures). Description of materials and methods in experimental research. Hypothesis; formulation of hypothesis; testing of hypothesis; concept of significance. Methods of data analysis; types, choice and description. Interpretation of data analysis results. Computer based analysis. Referencing and bibliography. Communication skills and oral presentation (defence) of research projects

Research meaning, purpose and research types. Key elements of research methods and procedures, definition of research problems, stating objectives research hypothesis, literature review and reference citation, materials to be consulted for literature review, acknowledging sources of information, research methodology – Research design, area of study, population of study, sample size and various sampling techniques, method of data collection, post study validity and reliability of instrument, types of validity and reliability of instrument, types of validity and reliability method of data analysis, presentation of results, dissension of findings, summary, recommendation and conclusion. Reference and appendix. Introduction. Definition of research, steps in research process, differentiation between social, and natural science variables and concepts in theory building.

Introduction to Biostatistics. Definition – Statistics and Biostatistics. Applications of Biostatistics. Data collection from experiments & surveys. Variable – Qualitative & Quantitative, Discrete and Continuous. Presentation of Data: - a). Tabular Presentation of Data – Statistical Table, Format of a Table. b) Frequency Distribution – construction of Frequency Distribution, cumulative and relative frequency distribution, Exclusive and inclusive method of classification of data. c) Diagrammatic Presentation of Data: - Bar diagrams, Pie Diagram, Line Diagram, Pictogram, Cartogram or Statistical map.d) Graphical representation of a Frequency distribution – Histogram, Frequency. Polygon. Frequency curve, ogives or cumulative frequency curves. Research methodology: Introduction to Research methodology: Meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research & research approaches. Research problem: Statement of research problem Statement of purpose and objectives of research problem, Necessity of defining the problem 3. Research design: Meaning of research design, Need for research design. Sampling Design: Criteria for selecting sampling procedure. Measurement & scaling techniques: Measurement in research- Measurement scales, sources of error in measurement. Methods of data collection: collection of primary data. Sampling fundamentals, need for sampling 8. Analysis of data: Types of analysis. Testing of hypothesis, basic concept.

Introduction to Biostatistics. Definitions of statistics and biostatistics. Applications of biostatistics. Data collection from experiments & surveys. Variables: qualitative & quantitative, discrete and continuous. Presentation of data: tabular presentation of data – statistical table, format of a table. Frequency distribution – construction of frequency distribution table, cumulative and relative frequency distribution. Exclusive and inclusive method of classification of data; Diagrammatic presentation of data: bar diagrams, pie diagram, line diagram, pictogram, cartogram or statistical map. Graphical representation of a frequency distribution – histogram, frequency, polygon, frequency curve, ogives or cumulative frequency curves. Quantitative research methods. Qualitative research methods. Research methodology: Introduction to Research methodology. Meaning of research. Objectives of research. Types of research & research approaches. Research problem: statement of the research problem. Statement of purpose and objectives of research problem. Necessity of defining the problem. Research design: meaning of research design, need for research design. Sampling techniques: criteria for selecting a sampling procedure. Measurement & scaling techniques: measurement in research, measurement scales, sources of error in measurement. Methods of data collection: collection of primary data, sampling fundamentals, need for sampling. Analysis of data: types of analysis. Testing of hypothesis. 500 Level