CCMAS Course Search

Prepared slides of various section of the eye. Identification of bones and sutures, fossi of the orbits and Cranium. Dissection of Bovine eye.

Introduction to genetics. Mendelian genetics. Linkage and mapping. Nucleic acids. Replication and mutation in relation to ocular structures. The genetic code and protein synthesis as related to the eye and vision. Genetic engineering. Gene regulation in bacteria and viruses. Implications for human health conditions and diseases are reviewed. Inherited diseases; their pattern and control.

Scope of microbiology, historical approach to infections and its control, classifications and nomenclature of microorganisms. Introduction to the microbial world, introduction to bacteriology, mycology, virology and parasitology (the protozoans); disinfection and sterilization; natural and acquired resistance to infection; determination of innate immunity; deep/superficial tissue infections; fungal infections: deep and systemic mycosis, perichondral/cartilaginous/osseous infections; hospital associated infections. Microscopy; growth and nutrition of bacteria. Classification of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Characteristics and structure of bacteria. Normal flora and microbiota of the human eye. The microscopic culture and sensitivity tests for microorganisms (bacteria) implicated in ocular infections. Characteristics of viruses and fungi that infect the eye. Host-parasite relationship; chemotherapeutic agents – the effect of antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal preparations on bacteria, viruses and fungi. 400 Level

Detailed function of central nervous system and its relationship with ocular structures and vision. Neurophysiology of retina; physiology and functions of the supraretinal system; ganglion cell, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex, forebrain, superior colliculus, pre-tectal and tectal regions, cerebellum, vestibular system, inferior co1liculus. Brodmann and the 'V' classifications of the brain. Functional mappings in the brain like colour, memory and many others. Electroretinogram (ERG); electrophysiology of the visual system: Centre-Surrond configuration; transient and sustained cells, X,Y,W categories; Boycott and Dowling Schema; pre-colliculus and superior Colliculus features; Tectal Oculomotor control; Lateral geniculate physiology; striate and pre-striate cortex (in cat and monkey); Visual input to parietal and temporal lobes; the limbic system and prefrontal cortex; effects of cortical and tectal lesions and eye movements; Clinical implications of visual evoked potential (VER) and Electroretinogram (ERG).

Diseases of the iris, ciliary body, lens, choroid, glaucoma, vitreous; retina and optic nerve disorders: Their sign and symptoms, clinical presentations, pathophysiology, detection, diagnosis and management. Differential diagnosis and management of posterior segment disorders. Oculo- systemic diseases. Ocular emergencies. Clinical demonstration is included.

Classification of ocular disease processes; mechanism of ocular pathology. Disease of eyelid and adnexa. Patho-physiology, detection, diagnosis and management of anterior segment disorders: Tear film, conjunctiva, cornea, episclera and sclera; their signs and symptoms, clinical presentations. Differential diagnosis of anterior segment disorders. Clinical demonstration is included.

Principles of ocular pharmacology and prescription writing. Adrenergic: agonist and antagonist. Cholinergic: agonist and antagonist. Anti-glaucoma drugs. Ocular (topical/local) anesthetics. Choice and administration of diagnostic and prophylactic ophthalmic drugs. Anti-allergic drugs; Anti-inflammatory drugs; Anti-infective preparations. Optometric examinations using diagnostic aids. Examination under drugs: interpretation and allowances. Precautions and adverse effects from use of ophthalmic drugs. Therapeutics Clinical work is included.

The physiology of the eye. Functions of the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus. Conjunctiva sclera, cornea, anterior and posterior chamber, iris lens, ciliary muscle, retina, choroid and optic nerve. Production and drainage of extra and intraocular fluids. Intra ocular pressure. Metabolism. Laboratory work is included.

The history and development of ophthalmic lenses, lens materials and frames. Manufacture of spectacle materials; ophthalmic glass; plastic lenses and frames. Forms of spectacle lenses: spherical, cylindrical; toric or sphero-cylindrical lenses. Single vision lens designs; base curve, surface powers, front vertex power, back vertex power, effective power. Lens neutralization; spherical power; cylindrical power and toric lenses. Transposition. Lensometry. Parts of frames; frame measurements and designs; IPD measurement; Lens and frame specifications; Toric surfaces; centration and decentration; ophthalmic prisms and prismatic effects. Special lenses.

Bifocal and multifocal lenses; base curve and near ADD; types and specifications of bifocal segments; trifocals; absorptive lenses; coats; tints and dyes; optics of contact lenses and low vision devices; impact resistance.