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This introductory course emphasises quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques should be employed. The experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity, covered in PHY 101. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction.

This introductory course emphasises quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques should be employed. The experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity, covered in PHY 102. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction. 200 Level

History and physical examination of the surgical patient. Physical signs in clinical surgery. Pre- operative preparation and post-operative care of patients. HIV-AIDS and the surgeon. COVID- 19 and the surgeon. Universal precautions. Safe surgery. Multi-disciplinary health care team approach. Principles of surgery. Herniae. Lumps.

Basic properties and classification of viruses. Development and cultivation of medically important viruses. Host immune response against viruses.

Introduction to gerodontology. Ageing in dentistry. Medical, drug and social considerations in geriatric oral health. Management of oral diseases in the elderly (treatment planning, modalities and modifications, treatment facility, equipment and services). Dental care for the terminally ill patient. Prevention of oral diseases in the elderly.

Drugs acting on the alimentary system, nausea and vomiting, pathophysiology, basic pharmacology of antiemetics, dopamine-receptor antagonists (metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, haloperidol). Antihistamines, serotonin antagonists, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids. Constipation, common causes, basic pharmacology of drugs used for relief (bulk, osmotic and stimulant laxatives, saline and magnesium laxatives, detergent laxatives, non-absorbable sugars, polyethylene glycol, lubricants, enemas). Non- specific antidiarrhoeal drugs. Lactulose ulcer healing drugs. Drug management. H2-receptor antagonists. Antacids. Proton-pump inhibitors. Triple therapy. 219

Head and neck. Face and scalp. Back and spinal cord. Cranial cavity. Orbit, parotid, temporal and infratemporal regions. Triangles of neck, submandibular region, nerves and vessels in deep dissection of neck. Thyroid and parathyroid. Pre-vertebral region and joints of neck. Mouth and tongue, pharynx, palato-nasal cavity and sinuses, larynx, ear and eye. Neuroanatomy. Meninges, base of brain and blood supply, hindbrain, medulla, pons, cerebellum and 4th ventricle, midbrain, diencephalon and third ventricle, cerebral hemispheres, sulci and gyri, internal structure of cerebrum and lateral ventricle, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus, synapses and reflex arcs. Sensory and ascending pathways, motor and descending pathways, cerebellar connections-pathways for hearing, smell and vision. Autonomic nervous system. Radiological and applied anatomy of the Head and Neck. Brain and spinal cord.

Perineum. Male and female perineum. Pelvic wall and floor. Pelvic peritoneum. Pelvic viscera. Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurovascular structures. Surface anatomy. Radiological anatomy.

Thorax, thoracic wall, pleura, lungs. Heart and coronary vessels mediastinum and diaphragm. Abdomen, anterior abdominal wall, external genitalia, peritoneum, stomach and intestines, 190 blood supply. Liver and gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and suprarenal. Pelvis and surface anatomy. Radiological anatomy.

Acute leukaemia myeloblastic (AML), lymphoblastic (ALL), clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment. Chronic leukaemias myeloid (CML), lymphocytic (CLL), clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment. Non-Leukemic myeloproliferative disorders. Polycythaemia rubra vera, myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia. The lymphomas, hodgkin (HL), non-Hodgkin’s (NHL), Burkitt’s (BL) clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment. Multiple myeloma clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment. Miscellaneous disorders, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, myelodysplastic syndrome. HIV Infection and Haematological manifestations. Clinical staging of HIV infection, anaemia in HIV infection, leucopaenia in HIV Infection, thrombocytopenia in HIV Infection. clotting profile abnormalities in HIV. Differential diagnoses of lymphadenopathy in HIV Infection. Haemostasis and thrombosis. Normal haemostasis, coagulation cascade, fibrinolysis, tests of haemostasis, bleeding time, PT/PTTK/TT, fibrinogen assay and titre, FDP/D-dimer. Platelet disorders. General pattern of bleeding in platelet disorders, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, other causes of platelet-related bleeding including drugs. Inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilias, inheritance pattern, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations and treatment. Von Willebrand’s disease. Acquired bleeding disorders, liver diseases, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Thrombotic disorders. Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and anticoagulant therapy and monitoring.