CCMAS Course Search

Drugs used in endocrine disorders. Physiology of neuroendocrine hormonal regulation, specifically the regulation and function of the hypothalamus pituitary growth hormone axis. Hypothalamus pituitary reproductive axis. Hypothalamus pituitary prolactin axis. Adenohypophysis hormones and related substances, anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormones. Use of specific neuroendocrine drugs in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (recombinant HGH, somatropin, synthetic GHRH, sermorelin, recombinant IGF-1). Growth hormone excess (octreotide, Pegvisomant). Infertility (HCG, menotropins, urofollitropin, follitropin, synthetic GHRH and analogues, Gosselin, GnRH antagonists, ganirelix) and Hyperprolactinaemia (dopamine receptor antagonists, bromocriptine). Indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and therapeutic considerations for the major neuroendocrine hormones and pharmacological drugs. Adrenocortical steroids. Role of ACTH and HPA axis in regulation of corticosteroid synthesis. Principal physiological responses to both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, especially role of cortisol and exogenous glucocorticoids in negative 102 feedback suppression of the HPA axis. Use of synthetic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid drugs in treatment of adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia; therapeutic uses of adrenocorticosteroid in non-endocrine disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation and cancer. Pharmacology of adrenocorticosteroids synthetic analogues (hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) and inhibitors (metyrapone, aminoglutethimide). Diabetes mellitus pathophysiology, type I and II, fundamental differences in types, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic goals. Pharmacological differences between the various insulin formulations, especially in their duration of action (rapid-regular- intermediate- and long-acting insulins), specifically which insulin types are used to control post-prandial glucose levels versus fasting glucose levels. Use and clinical benefits of an intensive insulin therapy regimen in type I diabetes. Indications, mechanism of action, clinical effects, adverse effects and contraindications of drugs used in management of type II diabetes. Sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors, modulators of incretin pathway, pramlintide, glucagon, insulin, understanding which drugs used for treatment of type II primarily affect either post-prandial or fasting glucose levels. Concept of combination therapy with oral drugs, as well as potential use of insulin therapy in type II. Current treatment algorithm approved by the American Diabetes Association for type II diabetes. Effectiveness of tight glycaemic control in prevention of macro- and microvascular complications; treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Thyroid and Anti-thyroid Drugs. Role of thyroid hormone in regulating development, metabolism and calorigenesis. Steps in synthesis of tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), endocrine regulation of T3 and T4 production and feedback loops, physiological role of T3 and T4 and changes associated with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone preparations. Thyroid hormone antagonists, thioamides, propylthiouracil, methimazole, carbimazole, thiocyanate, ionic inhibitors, perchlorate, Iodine, other drugs, propranolol and hydrocortisone. Gonadal hormones, oestrogens and progestins, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses (contraception and hormonal replacement therapy in menopause), adverse effects and contraindications, pharmacological actions and clinical uses of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Androgens, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse effects and contraindications of androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, methyltestosterone) and their antagonists (finasteride, flutamide, spironolactone).

Endocrine system. Introduction and neuroendocrine relationship. Hypothalamo-pituitary axis, Endocrine glands, normal, hypo- and hyper-functions. Other hormones of some clinical importance. Physiologic anatomy of male and female reproductive system. Male and female sex hormones. Cyclicity of hormone secretion in females. Physiology of contraception. Assisted fertility techniques.

Concept of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship/corporate entrepreneurship). Theories, rationale and relevance of entrepreneurship (schumpeterian and other perspectives, risk-taking, necessity and opportunity-based entrepreneurship and creative destruction). Characteristics of entrepreneurs (opportunity seeker, risk taker, natural and nurtured, problem solver and change agent, innovator and creative thinker). Entrepreneurial thinking (critical thinking, reflective thinking, and creative thinking). Innovation (concept of innovation, dimensions of innovation, change and innovation, knowledge and innovation). Enterprise formation, partnership and networking (basics of business plan, forms of business ownership, business registration and forming alliances and joint ventures). Contemporary entrepreneurship issues (knowledge, skills and technology, intellectual property, virtual office, networking). Entrepreneurship in Nigeria (biography of inspirational entrepreneurs, youth and women entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship support 46 institutions, youth enterprise networks and environmental and cultural barriers to entrepreneurship). Basic principles of e-commerce.

Environmental and occupational health practices. Urbanisation and health. Environmental pollution through air, noise, water, tradition and industries. Food hygiene (food borne diseases and food poisoning). Vector control, parasites of public health importance and their control. Guided visits to important places of public health providing environmental health services. Water treatment plant, sewage treatment plants, food processing factories, markets, hotels and restaurants, occupational health services. Role of medical officer of health (MOH). Coordinator/director of primary health care (PHC) services at LGA level, head of health workers at LGA, administrative functions, budgeting for health services, relationship with LGA administrative and legislative leadership, technical functions, organisation of PHC services, supervision and evaluation of all the health programmes in the LGA, training and manpower development for health workers in the LGA, adviser to the LGA chairman and HOLGA on health and other related matters, collaboration with the state ministry of health management board.

Introduction to enzymes. Properties and functions, nature and properties of enzymes. Kinetics of enzyme action, allosteric effects. Enzyme assay in clinical medicine, immobilised enzymes, hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies in medicine and biological research. The role of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in the generation of ATP, theories and models proposed for ATP generation.

Principles of prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Latent period, risk factors, causal and no causal association. Case control studies. Epidemiology and control of common NCDs in Nigeria including, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, stroke. Sickle cell disease (SCD), asthma/COPD. RTAs, common Cancers. Mental disorders. Risk factors associated with NCDs including lack of physical activities, unhealthy dietary habits, alcohol, cigarette smoking (tobacco), lifestyle. Legislative aspect of control of NCDs.

Principles of prevention and control of communicable diseases (incubation period, quarantine, isolation). Epidemiology and control of major endemic diseases in Nigeria including those transmitted by or through the following routes. Ingestion (facco-orally), inhalation (airborne), vector-borne, contact, zoonotic diseases. Disease control, disease elimination, disease eradication, disease surveillance (disease notification, DSN), Epidemiology and control of some important diseases in Nigeria (malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, HIV, Onchocerciasis, Schistosomiasis, HIV). The WHO special programme for tropical diseases. Control of diseases of Global importance (Ebola, COVID-19).

Moral philosophy, clinical ethics and professionalism, communication, interviewing skills Healthcare delivery as an inter-disciplinary profession. Human resource for health. Introduction to, the roles of various healthcare specialists in MHD. Complimentary and alternate Medicine. Human nutrition. Critical care medicine. Psychology. Herbal and traditional medicine. Spiritual medicine. Energy and mind-body medicine. Biologically based medical practice. Public Health aspects of CAM. Medical jurisprudence and professional liability issues.

Introduction to family medicine. Scope of family medicine. Basic principles of family medicine. Overview of family dynamics (to include definition of family, family types and structure, family tasks and functions, impact of the family in health and disease). Patterns of illness and behaviour presenting to the family physician. Family medicine tools. Introduction to the role of the family physician in the society. Principles and use of the bio-psychosocial model of care. Difference between illness and disease. Family models. Effects of the illness of the index patient on their family. Functional and dysfunctional family. WONCA/ICPC. Family medicine tools. Generational risks and infectious diseases from travel. HIV staging and commencement of ART/opportunistic infections. Applied medical sciences clinical attachment at GOPD.

Adequate Resources availability for the field posting. Logistics support. Supervision by faculty staff and other supporting staff in the department. Choice of posting site and cooperation of the people in the community for study. Evaluation of each student during and at the end of the field work. 400 Level