CCMAS Course Search

History of the Science of Microbiology. Classification of organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Classification of prokaryotes into archaea and eubacteria. Anatomy and cytochemistry of bacteria and fungi. Shapes, groupings and colonial morphology of bacteria and fungi. Structure of viruses. Sterilization and disinfection; Structure, ecology and reproduction of representative microbial genera. Culture of micro-organisms. Isolation of micro-organisms; isolation of bacteria, virus, fungi (yeasts and moulds. Nutrition and biochemical activities of micro-organisms. Antigens and antibodies. Identification and economic importance of selected microbial groups. Microbial variation and heredity. Study of laboratory Equipment. Introduction to microbiology of air, food, milk, dairy products, water and soil. Staining techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity tests. Serological tests. Antimicrobial agents. 300 Level

History and scope of microbiology. The general characteristics of microorganisms. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Bacterial morphology and cell structure. Growth and Reproduction of microorganisms. Microbial metabolism, antimicrobial agents. Systematic classification of bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae and protozoa. Microbial ecology, Microbial growth and identification, Prevention and Control of microbial diseases, microbes in relation to environment agriculture and industries and many others.

Review of optics of spherical, cylindrical, sphero-cylindrical or toric lenses as well as ophthalmic prisms. Trial lens set and refraction-examination accessories. Overview of refractive status of the eye: concepts of emmetropia and ametropia. Distribution, classification and correction of refractive errors; concept of emmetropization. Introduction to accommodative and binocular anomalies. Scope of general optometric examination: Case history, theory and clinical measurement of visual acuity, cover test. Maddox rod test, Red lens test, Worth-4-dot test, Maddox wing test, Stereo-acuity and inter-pupillary distance (IPD).The types and incidence of refractive errors.

Clinical techniques used to evaluate the optical properties of the eye; theory and measurement of visual acuity and retinoscopy. An introduction to keratometry, ophthalmoscopy and external examination techniques. Accommodation: Its measurement and relationship to convergence. Ocular deviations: phorias, tropias, and an introduction to their measurement.

The optometric examination: visual acuities, cover testing, test of versions and vergences, near point of convergence, fusion test and keratometry. Techniques of photometry Von Graefe phoria testing and prism vergence testing. Static and dynamic retinoscopy subjective sight testing, fogging, fan-dial, monocular cross cylinder, monocular and binocular balancing. Methods of measuring amplitude of accommodation and determining the near addition.

A continuation of OPT 407. The case history and its relationship to optometric examination; the integration of individual findings. Visual analysis, graphical analysis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Introduction to specialised techniques such as tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, lensometry, biomicroscopy, stereoacuity testing, gonioscopy perimetry, colour vision testing and sphygmomanometry.

Techniques learnt in OPT 407 and general optometry courses are practised and developed preparatory to examining patients.

Introduction to pathology and its subdivisions. The normal cell; the plasma cell coat; cytoplasm and its organelles; the nucleus. Fundamental pathological processes. Cellular adaptation: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, agenesis, and aplasia. Anomalies of cellular functions and human immunology. Cell injury and cell death: causes, cellular swelling, cell necrosis and types, somatic death, signs of death, cadaveric changes, intracellular accumulations, hyaline change, and cellular aging. Inflammation and Repair. Exudates. Healing and repair. Fluid and hemodynamic derangements. Genetic disorders and systemic implications. Infectious diseases. Disorders of organ systems.

General principles of pharmacology. Definition of basic concepts in pharmacology: pharmacy, pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology and many others. Drug administration: methods and absorption of drugs; distribution; biotransformation and excretion of drugs. Drug receptor interaction; dose - response relationship. Fate of systemically administered drugs. Autonomic nervous system pharmacology: principles and classification of autonomic drugs; Anti- inflammatory drugs; Chemotheraphy agents. Action of drugs, factors influencing it. Compatibility and incompatibility, tolerance, tachyphylaxis, potentiation, synergism, additive, antagonism and many others.

History of Pharmacology and its development. Introduction to pharmacokinetics; drug absorption and bioavailability. Drug metabolism, pharmaco-genetics. Effects of disease on drug kinetics. Drug in pregnancy and the extreme age. Pharmacodynamics; dose-response relationships, LD50 ED50 and TD50. Therapeutic index; introduction of new drugs, clinical trials; adverse drug reactions and adverse reaction surveillance. Routes of drug administration. Basic principles of pharmacokinetics. Absorption, distribution and biotransformation of drugs. Drug reception interactions. Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID). Muscle relaxants, sedatives and analgesic agents. Anti- hypertensive drugs. Bronchodilators and many others.