Courses with Gaps

Descriptive terms, plans and terms of relationship of the human body, terms of comparison, attachment of muscles, types of muscles, movements of joints. Osteology, principles of kinesiology, general organization of body system. Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb; pectoral region; breast; axilla; shoulder region; arm and cubital fossa; flexor compartment of forearm; extensor compartment of forearm; hand; venous and lymphatic drainage of the upper limb. Applied anatomy of nerves; blood supply of the upper limb. Cutaneous innervation of the lower limb; femoral triangle; adductor canal and medial side of the thigh; gluteal region; back of the thigh, popliteal fossa; extensor compartment of the leg and dorsum of the foot; peroneal and flexor compartment of the leg; sole of the foot, arches of the foot; mechanism of walking; venous and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb; applied anatomy of the nerves and blood supply to the lower limb.

Developmental milestones in cardiovascular and respiratory physiology. Cardiopulmonary function in the fetus and in old age. Cardiopulmonary responses at rest and in moderate to severe stress conditions. Pathophysiology of hypertension, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Principles of servomechanism as applied to cardiopulmonary physiology. Aviation, space and deep-sea physiology.

Definitions of physical exercise and sport. Energy expenditure during physical exercise. Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal adjustments during physical exercise. Thermoregulatory system in exercise. Water and electrolytes balance in exercise. The integrated neural and hormonal control during physical exercise. The health benefits of physical exercise and the role of exercise in the management of various health conditions. PIO 499: Research Project (5 units C: PH 225) Learning Outcomes On completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. prepare the final write-up of the research project using the appropriate format within the stipulated time frame; and 2. present and defend the write-up of the research project. Course Contents Independent research findings into selected areas/topics of interest to be supervised by an academic staff. Students will be required to carry out literature survey on the topics, perform experiments and produce reports (preferably at the end of second semester). Students will be subjected to both seminar and oral examination on the projects undertaken.

Physiologic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, Review of smooth muscle function, Secretions in the G.I.T. and their control, Movements of the gastrointestinal tract, Digestion and absorption of various food substances, Physiologic anatomy of the liver and biliary system including their functions, Disorders of G.I.T, The gut as an endocrine organ. Nutrition: energy and other dietary requirements. Basal metabolic rate. Nitrogen balance. Amino acid deficiency. Hormonal control of nutritional needs, vitamins, mineral mechanisms. Food value of local foodstuffs. Diet sheets and nutritional deficiency states.

The heart; events of the cardiac cycle. Control of cardiac contractility. Cardiac electrophysiology. Properties of cardiac muscles. Cardiac output - measurement and control. Haemodynamics of circulation. Arterial blood pressure and its regulation. Cardiovascular reflexes. Peripheral resistance and local control of the circulation. Regional blood flow. Cardiovascular changes in exercise, haemorrhage and shock. Respiratory physiology – functions of upper respiratory tract. Mechanics of respiration including compliance. Surfactant. Lung volume and capacities. Pulmonary gas exchange. Blood gas transport. Pulmonary function tests. Nervous and chemical control of respiration. Response to hypoxia, high altitude, exercise and artificial respiration.

Concepts of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and attitudes needed in the 21st century in the field of Physiology, definition of small business, strengths and weaknesses of small business, trends expected of small businesses, ethics and social responsibility - the role that values play in ethical behaviour and the importance of ethics; ethics versus social responsibility, the business plan in Physiology; the need for a business plan, the steps in the preparation of a business plan and financial plans, location of a business in Physiology; importance of site selection for a business, processes for selecting the right site for a business, financing a business in Physiology; estimating the money needed to launch a new business, ways to raise money for a new business, organizational planning for a business in Physiology; staffing. training and organizational charts.