CCMAS Course Search

History, definition and scope of orthodontics. Normal development of occlusion and oral function. Growth of facial skeleton, including theories of facial growth, classification, aetiology, epidemiology, and health risks associated with malocclusion. Malposition of teeth and mal- relation of arches. Introduction to orthodontics, development and growth of facial skeleton, eruption of teeth, occlusion and oral function, malocclusion in the early and late dentition stages. Principles of space analysis, health risks associated with malocclusion, classifications of malocclusion and indices used in orthodontics. Principles of orthodontics. Tooth movement including different types of tooth movement. Review of clerkship, with emphasis on clerking of an orthodontic patient.

Historical perspectives in periodontology. Periodontal anatomy and physiology and pulpal- periodontal relationships. Tooth deposits. Dental stains. Oral hygiene methods and products. Oral hygiene indices. Principles of occlusion and occlusal problems. Review of clerkship, with focus on clerking a periodontal patient.

Definition, historical concepts and the development of modern pharmacology, therapeutics, clinical pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacology in relation to the health professions. Medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing. The role of pharmacology in the drug industry. Drug development, evaluation and control. Role of pharmacology in public health, social and preventive medicine. Information source. How to search for drug information, use of reference and cross–reference, book index, journals, list of useful reference books. Origin/source of drugs. Routes of administration of drugs. Biological membranes and transport of drugs, drug- body interaction. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Absorption and influencing factors. Drug distribution in the body compartment and fluid volumes, binding to plasma proteins, tissues and organs; passage into the CNS, passage across placenta. Biotransformation. Chemical pathways of drug metabolism, sites of biotransformation, liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system, Phase I and Phase II reactions, types of phases I, types of phase II reactions (glucuronidation, acetylation, glycine conjugation), inhibition, depression and induction of enzymes. Major routes of drug elimination and termination of effects (renal, biliary and faecal excretion), other minor routes (lungs, skin). Rates of drug absorption and elimination, measurements of clearance and apparent volume of distribution, factors influencing clearance and distribution, bioavailability, half-life, first pass effect. Use of pharmacokinetics in designing dosage regimes. Loading dose, 211 maintenance dose. Clinical relevance of drug metabolism. Individual differences, drug-drug interactions, interaction between drugs and endogenous compounds. Factors affecting pharmacokinetics processes, disease, feeding status, age, sex. Pharmacodynamics. Mode of action of drugs. Molecular mechanism of drug action, drug receptor interactions, drugs acting on enzyme systems, non-specific interaction of drugs with living systems. Dose-effect relation of drugs. Dose-response curve, concentration-effect curve, potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, biological assay, effective dose (ED50), toxic dose (LD50), lethal dose (LD50), receptor binding of agonists and antagonists, competitive and non-competitive antagonists, partial agonist, receptor-effector coupling, spare receptors, other antagonism, chemical and physiological. Variability in individual response. Idiosyncrasy, pharmacogenetics, hypo-and hyper-reactivity, hypersensitivity, tolerance, tachyphylaxis. Adverse drug reactions, dose- related drug toxicity, acute and chronic over dosage. Drug dependence and addiction, underlying biological basis of addiction as a disease, differential diagnostic criteria for drug abuse vs. dependence and their differences, mechanism of action within the CNS of major drugs of abuse. Signs and symptoms of overdose caused by major drugs of abuse (including alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines), signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of opioid abuse and dependence and their relative benefits and side effects; pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of alcohol abuse and their relative benefits and side effects. Drug discovery and clinical trials, phases of clinical trials. Differences between single and double-blind designs for clinical trials. Definition of IND and NDA. Ways in which a clinical drug study is evaluated.

Introduction to physiology and its place in Medicine. The composite cell, cell membrane and transport mechanisms, membrane potentials. Physiology of excitable tissues. Functional organization of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Basic characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Introduction to human genetics. Biotechnology and human genome.

Examination of an orthodontic patient. Assessment of crowding and space analysis. Methods of investigating/assessing soft tissue form and function. Radiology for orthodontics. Orthodontic treatment plan for angle’s class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, class III. Malocclusions, their features and treatment be able to sequentially and exhaustively take history and examine an orthodontic patient and discuss the rationale for each step.

The practical step by step method of tissue processing for light microscope study shall be taught and demonstrated. The principles and techniques for the use of advance light microscopes will be taught and where possible demonstrated. Polarising microscope. Phase contrast microscope. Interference microscope. Dark-Field microscope, and ultraviolet microscope. Basic principles of radiological imaging of human tissue. Radiological identification of major body structures. Introduction to modern imaging techniques. Precautionary measures.

Introduction to lipids, classification, chemistry and function of lipids. Digestion and absorption of lipids in the bloodstream. The lipoproteins.

Introduction to local anaesthesia, history, theories, management of pain and applied surgical anatomy. Local anaesthesia, advantages, disadvantages, and the armamentarium the local anaesthetic. Classification, mechanism of action and properties, complications of local anaesthesia. Introduction, history of anaesthesia, theories, management of pain, clinical demonstration of cartridge loading and handling of the dental syringe including dental chair. Patient and clinician’s positioning during local anaesthesia administration. Effectiveness of local anaesthesia infiltration.

256 Clinical features of gingivitis and periodontitis. The periodontal treatment plan, principles of treatment of a simple case. Simple periodontal instrumentation. Non-surgical periodontal procedures. Chair-side positioning for periodontal treatment. Periodontal chemotherapeutics. Signs and symptoms of conditions affecting the periodontium, and diagnosis of these conditions. Basics and important considerations in making the periodontal treatment plan. Simple periodontal treatment procedures and considerations in management, including chair and chair-side positioning. Instrumentation. Chemotherapeutics used in periodontology.

252 Principles of management of the trauma patient and maxillofacial emergencies. Management of soft tissue injuries. Management of mandibular fractures. Management of fractures of the middle third of the skeleton. Complications of facial fractures and their treatments. Triage, basic life and advanced trauma life support and care. Glasgow coma scale, oral and maxillofacial emergencies. Haemorrhage in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Classification and signs and symptoms of mandibular fractures. Mid-facial fractures. Investigations in the management of facial fractures. Principles of treatment of mandibular fractures. Indications and contraindications of open and closed reduction. Indications for and principles of treatment of lefort, zygomatic, alveolar and pan facial fractures. Condylar fractures. Classification, open vs closed reduction. Peculiarities and treatment of facial fractures on children and the elderly.