CCMAS Course Search

Audiological tests such as pure tone audiometry (air/bone conduction), masking technique in pure tone audiometry (PTA). Tympanometry and acoustic reflex tests, otoscopic examination, tuning fork tests, auditory brain-stem response test, oto-acoustic emission test, speech audiometry, vestibular investigations (calorics, VENG) and many others. Behavioural audiometric test- distraction test, cooperative test, performance test, speech discrimination test, visual reinforcement audiometry, weight and vital signs measurement. The general principles underlying treatment in audiologic condition, neurologic, hearing condition and rehabilitation in general.

Pure tone audiometry (air/bone conduction). Masking techniques in pure tone audiometry (PTA) Tympanometry, acoustic reflex and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction tests. Manual and Video Otoscopic examination. Tuning fork tests. Auditory brain-stem response test. Oto-acoustic emission test. Speech audiometry (Speech Reception/Discrimination tests). Sensitivity prediction by acoustic reflex (SPAR) test. Comfortable loudness and uncomfortable loudness level tests. Auditory fatigue test. Test of Malingering. Vestibular tests (Optokinetic, Calorics, Gaze, Pendulum, Dix-Hallpike manouvre, Video-electronystagmography, Tracking, Saccade, Cervical vestibular electro-myogenic potential (cVEMPS) tests) etc. Behavioural audiometric test-distraction test, Cooperative test. Performance test. McCormick speech discrimination test. Visual reinforcement audiometry.

Statistical data: types, sources and methods of collection. Presentation of data: tables, chart and graphs. Errors and approximations. Frequency and cumulative distributions, measures of location, partition, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis. Rates, ratios and index numbers. Permutation and combination. Concepts and principles of probability, random variables, probability and distribution functions. Basic distributions: Binomial, geometric, Poisson, normal and sampling distributions and exploratory data analysis. 200 Level

Introductory chemistry of amino acids; their properties, reactions and biological functions. Classification of amino acids: neutral, basic and acidic; polar and non-polar; essential and non- essential amino acids. Peptides. Introductory chemistry and classification of proteins. Biological functions of proteins. Methods of their isolation, purification and identification. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Basic principles of tests for proteins and amino acids. Introductory chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Nomenclature of nucleosides, and nucleotides; effects of acid and alkali on hydrolysis of nucleic acids.

Introductory chemistry of amino acids, their properties, reactions and biological functions. Classification of amino acids: neutral, basic and acidic; polar and non-polar; essential and non- essential amino acids. Peptides. Introductory chemistry and classification of proteins. Biological functions of proteins. Methods of their isolation, purification and identification. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Basic principles of tests for proteins and amino acids. Introductory chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides, effects of acid and alkali on hydrolysis of nucleic acids.

The cell theory. Structures and functions of major cell components. Cell types, constancy and diversity. Cell organelles of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chemical composition of cells. Centrifugation and methods of cell fractionation. Structure, function and fractionation of extra- cellular organelles. Water, total body water and its distribution. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance. Disorder of water and electrolyte balance. Acidity and alkalinity, pH and pK values and their effects on cellular activities.

Chemistry of biomolecules. Acids-bases and pH balance. Buffers. Chemistry of amino acids. carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and integration of metabolism. TCA cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Lipids and nucleic acids, structure and function of proteins will be practically demonstrated in the laboratory.

Identification of the anatomical parts of the human body; Explaination of the following human anatomical terms; coronal plane, sagittal plane, medial, Lateral, superior, inferior. Draw annotated diagram of the human limbs – leg to show bones or joints; muscles. Draw annotated diagram of the human to body to show bones; limbs and muscle. Description of the function of the various bones, joints and muscles and their interaction in human movement. The planes and reference point of the human body. Types of joints in the body such as Upper & Lower limb joints; functions of the various joints in the body. The interactive biomechanical forces of the body. Various joints of the body using the full skeleton. Major muscles of the upper and lower limbs. Functions of the action of the various muscles of the body; agonistic and antagonists of the muscle action in the upper and lower limbs of the human body. Definition of terms: gait cycle, heel strike, stance phase, swing phase, toe-off. Description of the sub-divisions of the stance phase thus: Heel strike, Foot – flat, Mid – Stance, Push – Off. Description of the sub-divisions of the swing phase: (a) acceleration, mid-swing, deceleration. Description of the normal and abnormal human locomotion; human gait cycle. Explaination of normal and abnormal human gait cycle. Determination of the division of gait cycle. Definiton of the word “forces” and its application to various joints and muscle activity. Various forces in the upper and lower joints and muscles. Forces involved in normal human locomotion and gait cycle. Demonstration of the action of the gravitational force to joint motions in human locomotion. Explaination of the forces involved in walking; muscles that generate forces in various joints necessary for the following: support, balance, locomotion in relation to both upper and lower limbs; effect of external forces on normal human locomotion. Demonstration of the effect of external forces on normal human locomotion. POT 303, POT 305, POT 306 Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, student should be able to: 1. compare and contrast strategies for clinical assessment of patients and describe appropriate investigative techniques including patient history taking and physical examination; 2. recognise and describe the signs and symptoms of the most common pathologies which require orthotic solutions including, etiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and appropriate device management; 3. distinguish between the physical characteristics of the limbs and discuss the relative implication for device design; 4. describe and compare temporospatial and kinematics characteristics of normal and pathological gait and use this information to justify the selection and design of appropriate devices; 5. discuss biomechanical force systems and use these principles in generating an appropriate orthotic prescription; 6. describe the mechanics of materials and be able to apply these concepts to the design and construction of devices; 7. compare and contrast the functional characteristics of orthotic components. 8. formulate appropriate orthotic and prosthetic prescriptions for wide range clinical situations; 9. appreciate and describe the roles of key members of the rehabilitation team and identify how they interrelate with the Prosthetist/ Orthotist; 10. assess the medical condition of a patient related to their orthotic/ p r os t h et ic management using appropriate investigative techniques which include patient history taking and clinical testing; 11. formulate an optimal orthotic solution using information from the patient assessment, other members of the rehabilitation team, medical charts; 12. communicate and discuss patient goals and expectations and discuss and debate the orthotic or prosthetic management with the patient, co-workers and other members of the rehabilitation team; 13. reliably measure and capture a positive cast or image of clients’ appendage while correctly positioning the body part and if appropriate apply the necessary corrective force system; 14. create the final design of the orthosis through modification of the positive cast and/or tracing of the body part or, when indicated, measure and fit prefabricated devices; 15. identify, prescribe and justify selection of appropriate materials and componentry in the construction of the device; 16. construct the device using appropriate fabrication techniques in preparation for the initial fitting; 17. fit the device to the patient using static and dynamic functional criteria established from the original assessment; 18. evaluate the quality of the device fit to ensure the appropriate interface contouring, force application and trimlines; 19. identify problems related to device fit and/or alignment and be able to suggest and implement appropriate correction; 20. assess and solve orthotic problems as part of long-term patient care; 21. maintain accurate records of patient treatment and follow up as well as confidentiality of such information; 22. communicate effectively with patient, co-workers, and other health care professionals in such a manner that will ensure the highest quality of service and reflect a professional attitude on the part of the student; and 23. educate the client and/or caregiver on use, care and function of the device.

Description of different types of amputation. Stump and socket design. Different types of stump in Patients; magnitude of pressure between stump and socket; typical stump/socket pressure. importance of the shape of the Socket to the stump pressure distribution. Bench alignment procedures in prosthesis; component required for alignment. Procedures in prosthesis such as knee component, foot component, socket component insert. Assemble the component identified. Explaination of term “static (standing) alignment” and dynamic (walking) alignment. Demonstration of the bench alignment, static alignment and dynamic alignment on patients. Pathological gait and pattern in a patient such as dipping gait, lateral trunk, bending, vaulting and many others; the causes of the pathological gaits; Orthotic devices for the treatment of each of the patterns in the pathological gait. Orthosis and major types; functions and hazards of orthosis; functions of the following orthotic devices; ankle foot orthosis, knee-ankle foot orthosis, Hip-knee-ankle foot orthosis, orthopaedic shoes, and assistive locomotive aid. Definition of the following: bench alignment, dynamic alignment, static alignment with effect on muscle action of human body. The Law of inert a, momentum and its application to normal- human locomotion. Use of the functional terminal devices in upper limb prosthesis and orthosis. Description of body alignment to prosthetic and orthotic fitting. Definition of normal gait; pathological gait; phases of gait cycle; types of gait cycle; gait deviations; qualitative and quantitative gait variables; different gaits patterns associated with lower limb amputees; ways normal gait can be achieved in patients with lower limb amputees.

Workshop practice. Principles of use maintenance and repair of common apparatus and laboratory equipment. Principles of applied and general electronics. Circuit diagrams, Computer programming. Improvisation. Glass blowing and construction of simple laboratory equipment. Design techniques, improvement on existing equipment, review and modifications of laboratory methods.