Biomechanics II

At the end of the courses, the student should be able to: 1. demonstrate an ability to apply principles of tissue mechanics to explain the principles of P&O treatment, (involving various force systems) and the practical problems encountered in prosthetics and orthotics; 2. use biomechanical terminology to describe position and motion of the human body; 3. discuss mechanical principles governing human motion; 4. utilise temporospatial, kinematic and kinetic information to distinguish between normal and abnormal function of the upper limbs, lower limbs & Spine; 5. analyse the forces at a skeletal joint for various static and dynamic activities; 6. demonstrate the ability to analyse forces and moments applied to the body by prosthetic and orthotic devices; 7. apply biomechanical principles to generate optimal solutions to clinical problems in prosthetics and orthotics; and 8. appreciate the concepts of differentiation and integration, evaluate derivatives and integrals of a function.

Description of different types of amputation. Stump and socket design. Different types of stump in Patients; magnitude of pressure between stump and socket; typical stump/socket pressure. importance of the shape of the Socket to the stump pressure distribution. Bench alignment procedures in prosthesis; component required for alignment. Procedures in prosthesis such as knee component, foot component, socket component insert. Assemble the component identified. Explaination of term “static (standing) alignment” and dynamic (walking) alignment. Demonstration of the bench alignment, static alignment and dynamic alignment on patients. Pathological gait and pattern in a patient such as dipping gait, lateral trunk, bending, vaulting and many others; the causes of the pathological gaits; Orthotic devices for the treatment of each of the patterns in the pathological gait. Orthosis and major types; functions and hazards of orthosis; functions of the following orthotic devices; ankle foot orthosis, knee-ankle foot orthosis, Hip-knee-ankle foot orthosis, orthopaedic shoes, and assistive locomotive aid. Definition of the following: bench alignment, dynamic alignment, static alignment with effect on muscle action of human body. The Law of inert a, momentum and its application to normal- human locomotion. Use of the functional terminal devices in upper limb prosthesis and orthosis. Description of body alignment to prosthetic and orthotic fitting. Definition of normal gait; pathological gait; phases of gait cycle; types of gait cycle; gait deviations; qualitative and quantitative gait variables; different gaits patterns associated with lower limb amputees; ways normal gait can be achieved in patients with lower limb amputees.