CCMAS Course Search

First law and the energetics of chemical reactions. Second law, calculation of entropy changes. Definitions of thermodynamic potentials. Heat of mixing. Fugacity, free energy and work function. Chemical potentials and affinity of reactions. Equilibrium in chemical reaction systems. Equilibrium constant of a reaction. Third law. Thermal data. thermodynamics of electrochemical cells. Work production from chemically reacting systems. Phase relations and thermodynamics of solutions. Equilibrium in heterogeneous reactions.

Basic Inorganic Chemistry of Materials. Topics will include chemical properties, structure and bonding of solids, energy, enthalpy, entropy, thermochemistry, kinetics and rate processes. Application of chemistry principles to Materials Engineering through flowsheeting, reactor design, materials/metals processing and the environment.

Definition of common pharmacodynamics terminology used to describe the effects of antimicrobial therapy. Bacteriostatic. Bactericidal. Concentration-dependent and time- dependent bactericidal activity. Antimicrobials that display each of these properties. Combinations of antibiotics. Choice of antibacterial drugs in common infections. Penicillin, differences in chemical structure between the penicillins. Cephalosporins. Carbapenems and monobactams. General characteristics of β-lactam antibiotics including their mechanism of action. Elimination half-life, route of elimination and potential for cross-allergenicity. Differences in spectrum of activity between the natural penicillins. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins. The aminopenicillins. The carboxypenicillins. The ureidopenicillins and the β- lactamase inhibitor combinations with attention to the specific drugs that have activity against Staph. aureus, Pseud. aeruginosa and Bact. fragilis, distribution characteristics into the cerebrospinal fluid, urinary tract, lungs, skin/soft tissue and bone. Indications. Mechanism of action. Adverse effects and contraindications of each group. Mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to penicillins. Cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams. Differences in spectrum of activity between the four generations of cephalosporins, as well as the carbapenems and aztreonam, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications, mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance, pharmacokinetics particularly those drugs that penetrate the CNS and those that require dosage adjustment; risk of cross-reactivity between these classes and the penicillins, major clinical uses of representative drugs within each generation of cephalosporin, carbapenems and aztreonam. Quinolones. The various generations, spectrum of activity of the older and respiratory fluoroquinolones, particularly those with activity against Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumonia, Pseud. aeruginosa, atypical bacteria and anaerobes, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs. Major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency and removal by haemodialysis. Aminoglycosides. Spectrum of activity with attention to drugs that display activity against Staph. aureus, Pseud. aeruginosa and tuberculosis, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions; mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic characteristics including understanding of patient characteristics that may alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of volume of distribution and clearance, as well as how these alterations may influence dosing. Vancomycin and other drugs with activity against Gram-positive aerobes. General spectrum of activity of vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid and daptomycin, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic characteristics including bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency and removal by haemodialysis. Tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Spectrum of activity, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in end-organ dysfunction and removal by haemodialysis, potential therapeutic advantages of the glycylcycline antibiotics. Clindamycin and metronidazole. Spectrum of activity with emphasis on activity against anaerobes and Clostridium difficile, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in end-organ dysfunction and removal by haemodialysis. Antimycobacterial drugs. Indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications of the first line antituberculosis drugs, treatment principles in treating M. tuberculosis infection, therapeutic indications of rifampicin, mechanisms of primary and 236 secondary resistance in M. tuberculosis infection, reasons for resurgence of tuberculosis and ways to stop epidemic, major determinant outcome of treatment and ways to improve this basic pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of leprosy (sulphones). Anti-parasitic drugs, distinction between protozoal and helminth infections, general approaches to therapy, general strategies and relevant drugs used to treat the following infections, malaria Amoebiasis, African Trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, Cryptosporidiosis and Toxoplasmosis. General strategies and relevant drugs used to treat major helminth infections. Principal indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications of the major drugs used in treatment of protozoal and helminth infections. Malaria. Chloroquine, diamino pyrimidines, proguanil, primaquine, quinine and quinidine, artemisinins, antibiotics. Amoebiasis, metronidazole, emetine, dihydroemetine, iodoquinol, paromycin, amoebic liver abscess. Trypanosomiasis. Suramin, melarsoprol, melarsonyl, nifurtimox, benznidazole. Cryptosporidiosis, nitazoxanide. Toxoplasmosis, pyrimethamine, folinic acid, sulfadiazine, clindamycin. Schistosomiasis and paragonimiasis. Niridazole, antimony compounds, bithionol. Leishmaniasis, Sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine. Filariasis, diethylcarbamazine. Tapeworms, niclosamide. Roundworms, piperazine, thiabendazole, tetrachlorethylene, mebendazole. Antimycotic drugs Indications, mechanism of actions, adverse effects and contraindications of the most commonly used drugs; polyene antifungals (amphotericin B, nystatin), azole antifungals (imidazoles such as miconazole, clotrimazole and ketoconazole, triazoles such as fluconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin and anidofungin) and others such as 5-flucytosine, griseofulvin and terbinafine. Antiviral Drugs. Mechanism of action of major nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues. Viruses targeted by the major nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues and the relative benefits of each drug. Indications, mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of inhibitors of viral entry or dissemination. Mechanism of action leading to antiviral resistance. How drugs targeting different stages of viral infection can be synergistic when administered simultaneously. Nucleoside analogues (acyclovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, vidarabine, azidothymidine, dideoxy inosine, dideoxy cytosine). Non-nucleoside analogues (ribavirin, foscarnet), inhibitors of viral entry and dissemination (amantadine, neuraminidase inhibitors, pieconoril, interferons, passive antibody transfer). Antiretroviral drugs. How distinct antiretroviral drug classes target the different phases of HIV replication cycle, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic goals, indications, clinical uses, major adverse effects, contraindications and significant drug interactions for each class, utility and effectiveness of combination therapy, influence of presence of co-morbid conditions on antiviral regimen; nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral integrase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and chemokine receptor antagonists. Drugs used in treatment of malignant diseases. Major features of malignant disease. Review of cell kinetics, cell cycle specificity, cell cycle non- specificity. Cancer cell vs. bacterial infections. Importance of tumour cell heterogeneity and the development of resistance to chemotherapy as critical factors in determining treatment outcome. Process of antineoplastic drug development. Criteria for determining response to antineoplastic drugs. Importance of tumour staging in patient management. General principles of antineoplastic drug treatment. Rationale for administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Concept of multiple drug-resistance, cumulative toxicity, schedule independent toxicity, concept of hormonally sensitive neoplasms and their treatments. Pharmacology of cytotoxic drugs. Characteristic indications, adverse effects, mechanism of resistance. Alkylating drugs (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan). Antibiotics (Actinomycin D, Daunorubicin, Anthracycline mithramycin, Adriamycin), Antimetabolites (methotrexate, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil), Miscellaneous (procarbazine, nitroureas, hydroxyureas). Radioactive isotopes. Adrenal corticosteroids. Steroid hormones and antagonists. Drugs for immunotherapy. 237

Definition of common pharmacodynamics terminology used to describe the effects of antimicrobial therapy. Bacteriostatic. Bactericidal. Concentration-dependent and time- dependent bactericidal activity. Antimicrobials that display each of these properties. Combinations of antibiotics. Choice of antibacterial drugs in common infections. Penicillin, differences in chemical structure between the penicillins. Cephalosporins. Carbapenems and monobactams. General characteristics of β-lactam antibiotics including their mechanism of action. Elimination half-life, route of elimination and potential for cross-allergenicity. Differences in spectrum of activity between the natural penicillins. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins. The aminopenicillins. The carboxypenicillins. The ureidopenicillins and the β- lactamase inhibitor combinations with attention to the specific drugs that have activity against Staph. aureus, Pseud. aeruginosa and Bact. fragilis, distribution characteristics into the cerebrospinal fluid, urinary tract, lungs, skin/soft tissue and bone. Indications. Mechanism of action. Adverse effects and contraindications of each group. Mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to penicillins. Cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams. Differences in spectrum of activity between the four generations of cephalosporins, as well as the carbapenems and aztreonam, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications, mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance, pharmacokinetics particularly those drugs that penetrate the CNS and those that require dosage adjustment, risk of cross-reactivity between these classes and the penicillins, major clinical uses of representative drugs within each generation of cephalosporin, carbapenems and aztreonam. 104 Quinolones. The various generations, spectrum of activity of the older and respiratory fluoroquinolones, particularly those with activity against Staph. aureus, Strep. Pneumonia, Pseud. aeruginosa, atypical bacteria and anaerobes, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs. Major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency and removal by haemodialysis. Aminoglycosides. Spectrum of activity with attention to drugs that display activity against Staph. aureus, Pseud. aeruginosa and tuberculosis, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions; mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic characteristics including understanding of patient characteristics that may alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of volume of distribution and clearance, as well as how these alterations may influence dosing. Vancomycin and other drugs with activity against Gram-positive aerobes. General spectrum of activity of vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid and daptomycin, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic characteristics including bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency and removal by haemodialysis. Tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Spectrum of activity, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in end-organ dysfunction and removal by haemodialysis, potential therapeutic advantages of the glycylcycline antibiotics. Clindamycin and metronidazole. Spectrum of activity with emphasis on activity against anaerobes and Clostridium difficile, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and major drug interactions, mechanism of resistance to the drugs, major pharmacokinetic differences in terms of oral bioavailability, half-life, dosing interval, CSF penetration, route of excretion, necessity of dosage adjustment in end-organ dysfunction and removal by haemodialysis. Antimycobacterial drugs. Indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications of the first line antituberculosis drugs, treatment principles in treating M. tuberculosis infection, therapeutic indications of rifampicin, mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance in M. tuberculosis infection, reasons for resurgence of tuberculosis and ways to stop epidemic, major determinant outcome of treatment and ways to improve this basic pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of leprosy (sulphones). Anti-parasitic drugs, distinction between protozoal and helminth infections, general approaches to therapy, general strategies and relevant drugs used to treat the following infections, malaria Amoebiasis, African Trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, Cryptosporidiosis and Toxoplasmosis. General strategies and relevant drugs used to treat major helminth infections. Principal indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects and contraindications of the major drugs used in treatment of protozoal and helminth infections. Malaria. Chloroquine, diamino pyrimidines, proguanil, primaquine, quinine and quinidine, artemisinins, antibiotics. Amoebiasis, metronidazole, emetine, dihydroemetine, iodoquinol, paromycin, amoebic liver abscess. Trypanosomiasis. Suramin, melarsoprol, melarsonyl, nifurtimox, benznidazole. Cryptosporidiosis, nitazoxanide. Toxoplasmosis, pyrimethamine, folinic acid, sulfadiazine, clindamycin. Schistosomiasis and paragonimiasis. Niridazole, antimony compounds, bithionol. Leishmaniasis, Sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine. Filariasis, diethylcarbamazine. Tapeworms, niclosamide. Roundworms, piperazine, thiabendazole, tetrachlorethylene, mebendazole. Antimycotic drugs Indications, mechanism of actions, adverse effects and contraindications of the most commonly used drugs; polyene antifungals (amphotericin B, nystatin), azole antifungals (imidazoles such as miconazole, clotrimazole and ketoconazole, triazoles such as fluconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin and anidofungin) and others such as 5-flucytosine, griseofulvin and terbinafine. Antiviral Drugs. 105 Mechanism of action of major nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues. Viruses targeted by the major nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues and the relative benefits of each drug. Indications, mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of inhibitors of viral entry or dissemination. Mechanism of action leading to antiviral resistance. How drugs targeting different stages of viral infection can be synergistic when administered simultaneously. Nucleoside analogues (acyclovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, vidarabine, azidothymidine, dideoxy inosine, dideoxy cytosine). Non-nucleoside analogues (ribavirin, foscarnet), inhibitors of viral entry and dissemination (amantadine, neuraminidase inhibitors, pieconoril, interferons, passive antibody transfer). Antiretroviral drugs. How distinct antiretroviral drug classes target the different phases of HIV replication cycle, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic goals, indications, clinical uses, major adverse effects, contraindications and significant drug interactions for each class, utility and effectiveness of combination therapy, influence of presence of co-morbid conditions on antiviral regimen; nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral integrase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and chemokine receptor antagonists. Drugs used in treatment of malignant diseases. Major features of malignant disease. Review of cell kinetics, cell cycle specificity, cell cycle non- specificity. Cancer cell vs. bacterial infections. Importance of tumour cell heterogeneity and the development of resistance to chemotherapy as critical factors in determining treatment outcome. Process of antineoplastic drug development. Criteria for determining response to antineoplastic drugs. Importance of tumour staging in patient management. General principles of antineoplastic drug treatment. Rationale for administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Concept of multiple drug-resistance, cumulative toxicity, schedule independent toxicity, concept of hormonally sensitive neoplasms and their treatments. Pharmacology of cytotoxic drugs. Characteristic indications, adverse effects, mechanism of resistance. Alkylating drugs (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan). Antibiotics (Actinomycin D, Daunorubicin, Anthracycline mithramycin, Adriamycin), Antimetabolites (methotrexate, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil), Miscellaneous (procarbazine, nitroureas, hydroxyureas). Radioactive isotopes. Adrenal corticosteroids. Steroid hormones and antagonists. Drugs for immunotherapy.

Introduction: Terms and definitions of pharmacodynamic terms (bacteriostatic, bactericidal, time- dependent and many others) used to describe the effects of antimicrobial therapythe mechanisms by which pathogens acquire and express resistance to antibiotics. Antibacterials/Antibiotics: The pharmacology of the following drugs: Sulphonamides. Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams). Tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol. Aminoglycosides. Miscellaneous antibiotics - macrolides, polymyxins, lincosamides, quinolones, metronidazole, bacitracin. Antifungal and antiviral agents. Drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis and Leprosy Antifungal agents. Antiviral agents; HIV/AIDS treatment. Vaccines design strategies and Sera.

Introduction: Molecular basis of cancer including cell-cycle kinetics, principles of cancer chemotherapy and mechanisms underlying drug/multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Alkylating Agents, Antimetabolites, Hormones. Other anti-neoplastic agents (Antibiotics, Plant alkaloids and Miscellaneous). Radioactive isotopes; Control of antineoplastic chemotherapy; Summary of the chemotherapy of malignant diseases. Emerging new treatment with antibodies.

Life cycle of malarial parasite. Life cycle of E. histolytica. Pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of malaria, Amoebiasis, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Helminthiasis. Miscellaneous antimicrobial agents. Chemistry, mechanism of action, selection criteria and uses of disinfectants, antiseptics and sterilants.

Immunisation, availability, awareness and implementation. Introduction, vaccine types and storage. National programme on immunisation/schedule. National immunisation days, implementation and challenges in Nigeria. Childhood poisoning. Definition of poisons and examples. Clinical features of childhood poisonings-clinical toxidromes. How to evaluate a patient with suspected childhood poisoning. Principles of management of poisoning in children. Common childhood poisonings and how to manage them. Dog and snake bite, epidemiology, clinical features, management. Non-accidental childhood injuries introduction, epidemiology, at risk groups, clinical presentation, evaluation of a suspected case, management, prevention. Child abuse; introduction, epidemiology, at risk groups, clinical presentation, evaluation of a suspected case, management, prevention. Paediatric emergencies, definition of paediatric emergency. Triaging and how to recognise a paediatric emergency, urgent and non- urgent conditions in the emergency. Principles of management of paediatric emergencies. Common paediatric emergencies and how to manage. Primary care. Diarrhoea training, demographic characteristics of children attending clinic and anthropometry. Clinical characteristics of children attending primary health care clinic. Talking to mothers about hygiene and illnesses. economic disposition of mother attending primary health care clinic. Triage in the primary health care clinic. Nutritional issues in primary health care. Integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI), background, rationale, components of the integrated approach. IMCI strategy. Benefits and limitations. IMCI case management process.

Three-phase balanced circuits and power; mutual inductance; Linear transformer, ideal transformer, autotransformer; Frequency response, transfer function, Bode plots; Series and parallel resonance in the frequency domain; Series and parallel resonance in the time domain; Fourier series in circuit analysis; Two-port parameters; Laplace transform circuit analysis.

Drawing and detailing (by hand and using computer-aided-design skills) of civil engineering structures,for example building structures, highways, pipelines, bridges, dams, foundations, etc. utilizing standard symbols and conventions, dimensions, notes, titles, etc. Relationship to specifications. 300 Level