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Continuation of CHM 107. Additional laboratory experiments to include functional group analysis, quantitative analysis using volumetric methods.

This introductory course emphasises quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques should be employed. The experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity etc., covered in PHY 101 and PHY 102. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction.

History of Pharmacology and its development. Introduction to pharmacokinetics; drug absorption and bioavailability. Drug metabolism, pharmaco-genetics. Effects of disease on drug kinetics. Drug in pregnancy and the extreme age. Pharmacodynamics; dose-response relationships, LD50 ED50 and TD50. Therapeutic index; introduction of new drugs, clinical trials; adverse drug reactions and adverse reaction surveillance. Routes of drug administration. Basic principles of pharmacokinetics. Absorption, distribution and biotransformation of drugs. Drug reception interactions. Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID). Muscle relaxants, sedatives and analgesic agents. Anti-hypertensive drugs. Bronchodilators and many others.

Space and Time, Frames of Reference, Invariance of physical laws, Relativity of simultaneity, Relativity of time intervals, relativity of length, units and dimension; standards and units, unit consistency and conversions. Kinematics, Vectors and vector addition, Components of vectors, Unit vectors, Products of vectors. Displacement, Time and average velocity, instantaneous velocity, average acceleration, motion with constant acceleration, freely falling bodies, position and velocity vectors, acceleration vector, projectile motion. Motion in a circle and Relative velocity. Fundamental laws of mechanics: forces and interactions, Newton’s first law, Newton’s second law, Mass and weight, Newton’s third law. Statics and dynamics: application of Newton’s laws, dynamics of particles, frictional forces, dynamics of circular motion. Galilean invariance, universal gravitation, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, conservative and non- conservative forces. Work and energy, kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem, power, momentum and impulse, conservation of momentum, collisions and momentum conservation, elastic collisions, centre of Mass. Rotational dynamics and angular momentum, angular velocity and acceleration, energy in rotational motion, parallel axis theorem, torque, torque and rotation about a moving axis, simple harmonic motion and its applications. The simple pendulum, damped oscillations, forced oscillations and resonance.

Forces in nature. Electrostatics; electric charge and its properties, methods of charging. Coulomb’s law and superposition. electric field and potential. Gauss’s law. Capacitance. Electric dipoles. Energy in electric fields. Conductors and insulators, current, voltage and resistance. Ohm’s law and analysis of DC circuits. Magnetic fields. Lorentz force. Biot-Savart and Ampère’s laws. magnetic dipoles. Dielectrics. Energy in magnetic fields. Electromotive force. Electromagnetic induction. Self and mutual inductances. Faraday and Lenz’s laws. Step up and step-down transformers: Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. AC voltages and currents applied to inductors, capacitors, resistance, and combinations.

This practical course is a continuation of PHY 107 and is intended to be taught during the second semester of the 100 level to cover the practical aspect of the theoretical courses that have been covered with emphasis on quantitative measurements. The treatment of measurement errors, and graphical analysis. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction. 200 Level

Cell structure and organisation. functions of cellular organelles. characteristics and classification of living things. chromosomes, genes their relationships and importance. General reproduction. Interrelationships of organisms (competitions, parasitism, predation, symbiosis, commensalisms, mutualism, saprophytism). Heredity and evolution (introduction to Darwinism and Lamarckism, Mendelian laws, explanation of key genetic terms). Elements of ecology and types of habitat.

Basic characteristics, identification and classification of viruses, bacteria and fungi. A generalised survey of the plant and animal kingdoms based mainly on the study of similarities and differences in the external features. Ecological adaptations. Briefs on physiology to include nutrition, respiration, circulatory systems, excretion, reproduction, growth and development.

Introduction to histology; Method of study in histology; Cell Membrane, Cellular organelles; Cell dynamics and cell cycle. Cytogenetics. Histochemistry and cytochemistry. Introduction to recombinant DNA; In situ hybridisation histochemistry. Cell dynamics and cycle. Basic tissues of the body, the epithelial, connective tissues, muscle and nervous tissue. The microanatomy of the four basic tissues, namely: epithelial tissue, including glandular tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Covering and Lining Epithelia. Glandular Epithelia. Connective tissue. Bone, Bone formation and Joints. Blood. Muscle. Nervous tissue (PNS). Nervous tissue (CNS). Cardiovascular system. Respiratory system. Integumentary system. Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas. Gastro-intestinal system. Lymphatic tissue and the Immune system. Endocrine system. Urinary system. Female reproductive system. Male reproductive system. Eye.

Definition of Chiropractic, Brief history of chiropractic, Philosophy guiding chiropractic practice. Terminology: Adjustment. Biomechanics. Chiropractic. Fixation. Joint manipulation Joint mobilisation. Neuromusculoskeletal. Palpation. Posture. Spinal manipulative therapy. Subluxation. Thrust. Nutrition in Chiropractic.