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Introduction to pathophysiology. Cellular response to persistent stress, adaptations hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, atrophy, intracellular accumulations, cell injury death and senescence mechanisms of cell injury, programmed cell death and necrosis, cellular ageing. Pathophysiology of prolonged bleeding time, purpura, haemophilia, hemoglobinopathies, pathophysiology of sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hypersplenism. Pathophysiology of anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, pathophysiology erythroblastosis fetalis, incompatible blood transfusion. Pathophysiology of palpitation, cardiac arrhythmia, heart block, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, murmurs, pathophysiology of heart failure, hypertension, Reynold’s disease, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary hypertensions and cor pulmonale. Pathophysiology of cerebral blood flow disturbance (stroke), pathophysiology oedema and lymphedema, pathophysiology of syncope and postural hypotension. Respiratory distress syndrome, Pathophysiology of haemothorax hydrothorax and pneumothorax. Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia, hypoxia and cyanosis, Undine’s curse, pathophysiology of respiratory acidosis. Pathophysiology of tachypnoea, apnoea and asphyxia. Pathophysiology of cough and sneezing, hiccup and yawning. Pathophysiology of albuminuria, nephritic and nephrotic syndrome, acute tubular necrosis. Glycosuria, pathophysiology of kidney stone, hydro-nephrosis, pyelonephritis and haemonephrosis. Causes of haematuria, causes of urine retention, dehydration and over- hydration.

Pathophysiology of stomatitis, xerostomia, dysphagia, achalasia and upper oesophageal regurgitation. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, gastric and duodenal, pathophysiology and causes of vomiting, acute pancreatitis, pathophysiology of paralytic ileus, causes of diarrheal and constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis. Pathophysiology of jaundice, hepatitis, and cholecystitis, types of bile stones, predisposing factors for hepatic cancer and cancer head of pancreas. Pathophysiology of gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism infantilism, Simmons disease pathophysiology of cretinism, myxoedema and Grave’s disease. Pathophysiology of exophthalmos, Addison’s disease, Cushing disease, virilism. Pathophysiology of male infertility, azoospermia, male chromosomal disturbances and impotence puberty disturbances, disturbance of female menstrual cycle, pathophysiology of 203 conception, lactation and hormones acting on mammary glands. Pathophysiology of sensory disturbances pathophysiology syringomyelia, aneuropathies, neurosyphilis, thalamic syndrome, herpes simplex. Pathophysiology of pain, types of pain, hyperalgesia algesia, and allodynia. Pathophysiology of headache. Pathophysiology of tendon jerk, knee, ankle, biceps and triceps. Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy, muscle tone changes. Pathophysiology of basal ganglia lesions. Pathophysiology of chorea, athetosis and hemiballismus. Pathophysiology of parkinsonism, pathophysiology and causes of course tremors and fine tremors. Pathophysiology of gait change, pathophysiology of social behaviour. Pathophysiology of ataxia, sensory and motor ataxia. Pathophysiology of memory disturbances, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, speech disturbance. Pathophysiology of balance and equilibrium complete and incomplete section of spinal cord. Causes of aphasia. Pathophysiology of corneal opacity, cataract, glaucoma, pathophysiology of errors of refraction, myopia, and hypermetropia, pathophysiology of visual pathway disturbance, disturbances colour vision. Deafness. Pathophysiology of hearing disturbance. Pathophysiology of anosmia, hyposomnia pathophysiology of taste disturbances, ageusia hypogeusia and dysgeusia. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis, muscle dystrophy, intestinal colic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics, pathophysiology of demyelinating disease pathophysiology of muscle denervation. Pathophysiology of botulinum and tetanus toxoid, Eaton-lambert syndrome, schizophrenia, pathophysiology of depressions.

Pathophysiology of stomatitis, xerostomia, dysphagia, achalasia and upper oesophageal regurgitation. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, gastric and duodenal, pathophysiology and causes of vomiting, acute pancreatitis, pathophysiology of paralytic ileus, causes of diarrheal and constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis. Pathophysiology of jaundice, hepatitis, and cholecystitis, types of bile stones, predisposing factors for hepatic cancer and cancer head of pancreas. Pathophysiology of gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism infantilism, Simmons disease pathophysiology of cretinism, myxoedema and Grave’s disease. Pathophysiology of exophthalmos, Addison’s disease, Cushing disease, virilism. Pathophysiology of male infertility, azoospermia, male chromosomal disturbances and impotence puberty disturbances, disturbance of female menstrual cycle, pathophysiology of conception, lactation and hormones acting on mammary glands. Pathophysiology of sensory disturbances pathophysiology syringomyelia, aneuropathies, neurosyphilis, thalamic syndrome, herpes simplex. Pathophysiology of pain, types of pain, hyperalgesia algesia, and allodynia. Pathophysiology of headache. Pathophysiology of tendon jerk, knee, ankle, biceps and triceps. Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy, muscle tone changes. Pathophysiology of basal ganglia lesions. Pathophysiology of chorea, athetosis and hemiballismus. Pathophysiology of parkinsonism, pathophysiology and causes of course tremors and fine tremors. Pathophysiology of gait change, pathophysiology of social behaviour. Pathophysiology of ataxia, sensory and motor ataxia. Pathophysiology of memory disturbances, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, speech disturbance. Pathophysiology of balance and equilibrium complete and incomplete section of spinal cord. Causes of aphasia. Pathophysiology of corneal opacity, cataract, glaucoma, pathophysiology of errors of refraction, myopia, and hypermetropia, pathophysiology of visual pathway disturbance, disturbances colour vision. Deafness. Pathophysiology of hearing disturbance. Pathophysiology of anosmia, hyposomnia pathophysiology of taste disturbances, ageusia hypogeusia and dysgeusia. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis, muscle dystrophy, intestinal colic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics, pathophysiology of demyelinating disease pathophysiology of muscle denervation. Pathophysiology of botulinum and tetanus toxoid, Eaton-lambert syndrome, schizophrenia, pathophysiology of depressions. 70

Concepts of Peace. Conflict and security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and theories of conflicts, ethnic, religious, economic, geo-political conflicts. Structural conflict theory, realist theory of conflict, frustration-aggression conflict theory. Root causes of conflict and violence in Africa, indigene and settlers Phenomenon. Boundaries/boarder disputes. Political disputes. Ethnic disputes and rivalries. Economic inequalities. Social disputes. Nationalist movements and agitations. Selected conflict case studies. Tiv-Junkun, Zango Kartaf, chieftaincy and land disputes. Peace building. Management of conflicts and security. Peace and human development. Approaches to peace and conflict management (religious, government, community leaders). Elements of peace studies and conflict resolution. Conflict dynamics assessment scales. Constructive and destructive. Justice and legal framework. Concepts of social justice. The Nigeria legal system. Insurgency and terrorism, peace mediation and peace keeping. Peace and security council (international, national and local levels). Agents of conflict resolution, conventions, treaties, community policing. Evolution and imperatives. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Dialogue, arbitration, negotiation and collaboration. Roles of international organizations in conflict resolution, the United Nations, (UN) and its conflict resolution organs, the African union and peace security council, ECOWAS in peace keeping. Media and traditional institutions in peace building. Managing post-conflict situations, crisis. Refugees, internally displaced persons, IDPs. The role of NGOs in post-conflict situations, crisis. 208

Concepts of Peace. Conflict and security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and theories of conflicts, ethnic, religious, economic, geo-political conflicts. Structural conflict theory, realist theory of conflict, frustration-aggression conflict theory. Root causes of conflict and violence in Africa, indigene and settlers Phenomenon. Boundaries/boarder disputes. Political disputes. Ethnic disputes and rivalries. Economic inequalities. Social disputes. Nationalist movements and agitations. Selected conflict case studies. Tiv-Junkun, Zango Kartaf, chieftaincy and land disputes. Peace building. Management of conflicts and security. Peace & human development. Approaches to peace and conflict management (religious, government, community leaders). Elements of peace studies and conflict resolution. Conflict dynamics assessment scales. Constructive and destructive. Justice and legal framework. Concepts of social justice. The Nigeria legal system. Insurgency and terrorism, peace mediation and peace keeping. Peace and security council (international, national and local levels). Agents of conflict resolution, conventions, treaties, community policing. Evolution and imperatives. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Dialogue, arbitration, negotiation and collaboration. Roles of international organizations in conflict resolution, the United Nations, (UN) and its conflict resolution organs, the African union and peace security council, ECOWAS in peace keeping. Media and traditional institutions in peace building. Managing post-conflict situations, crisis. Refugees, internally displaced persons, IDPs. The role of NGOs in post-conflict situations, crisis.

Aetio-pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. Immunology of periodontal disease. Systemic factors and periodontal disease. Plaque-induced and non-plaque induced gingival diseases. Old and new classifications of periodontitis. Acute periodontal lesions. Periodontal enlargements. Aggressive periodontitis. Gingival recession and dentine hypersensitivity. Periodontal- endodontic lesions furcation involvements. Periodontal and other indices.

Scope of philosophy, notions, meanings, branches and problems of philosophy. Logic as an indispensable tool of philosophy. Elements of syllogism, symbolic logic-the first nine rules of inference. Informal fallacies, laws of thought, nature of arguments. Valid and invalid arguments, logic of form and logic of content-deduction, induction and inferences. Creative and critical thinking. Impact of philosophy on human existence. Philosophy and politics, philosophy and human conduct, philosophy and religion, philosophy and human values, philosophy and character molding.

Scope of philosophy, notions, meanings, branches and problems of philosophy. Logic as an indispensable tool of philosophy. Elements of syllogism, symbolic logic-the first nine rules of inference. Informal fallacies, laws of thought, nature of arguments. Valid and invalid arguments, logic of form and logic of content-deduction, induction and inferences. Creative and critical thinking. Impact of philosophy on human existence. Philosophy and politics, philosophy and human conduct, philosophy and religion, philosophy and human values, philosophy and character molding.

Osmotic fragility of RBCs. Differential leucocytes Count. Prothrombin time. Cross-matching of blood. Haematological indices (MCHC, MCV).

The Cardiac cycle in toad. Effect of drugs on cardiac muscle of toad. Measurement of arterial blood pressure. Effect of posture on arterial blood pressure. Effect of exercise on arterial blood pressure. Recording of human electrocardiogram. Cardiac examination. Spirometry measurement of lung volumes. Vitalography. Urinalysis. Urine microscopy. Microscopic examination of saliva.