Pathophysiology II

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. outline the mechanism and causes of vomiting; 2. describe the pathophysiology of dysphagia, achalasia and upper oesophageal regurgitation; 3. discuss the pathophysiology of gastric and duodenal ulcer, intestine malabsorption, intestinal obstruction-Ileus; 4. list dysfunctions of the colon, diarrheal, constipation, irritable colon and flatulence; 5. describe acute and chronic pancreatitis; 6. differentiate various types of Hepatitis; 7. explain cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension; 8. differentiate cholelithiasis and cholecystitis; 9. classify jaundices and describe its pathogenesis; 10. describe the pathophysiology of starvation, malnutrition and obesity; 11. differentiate hyperfunction and hypofunction of anterior pituitary gland; 12. explain alterations of the posterior pituitary gland hormones; 13. delineate hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism; 14. describe hypersecretion and hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones; 15. explain dysfunction of adrenal medulla; 16. outline diabetes mellitus, aetiology and pathogenesis; 17. discuss pathophysiology of infertility and sexual disorders; 18. explain the pathophysiology tremors, pathophysiology of basal ganglia lesions; 19. define epilepsy, and discuss its aetiology and pathogenesis; 20. outline the pathophysiology of demyelination (multiple sclerosis); 21. explain the pathophysiology of olfaction and taste abnormalities; and 22. discuss pathophysiology of depressions.

Pathophysiology of stomatitis, xerostomia, dysphagia, achalasia and upper oesophageal regurgitation. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, gastric and duodenal, pathophysiology and causes of vomiting, acute pancreatitis, pathophysiology of paralytic ileus, causes of diarrheal and constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis. Pathophysiology of jaundice, hepatitis, and cholecystitis, types of bile stones, predisposing factors for hepatic cancer and cancer head of pancreas. Pathophysiology of gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism infantilism, Simmons disease pathophysiology of cretinism, myxoedema and Grave’s disease. Pathophysiology of exophthalmos, Addison’s disease, Cushing disease, virilism. Pathophysiology of male infertility, azoospermia, male chromosomal disturbances and impotence puberty disturbances, disturbance of female menstrual cycle, pathophysiology of 203 conception, lactation and hormones acting on mammary glands. Pathophysiology of sensory disturbances pathophysiology syringomyelia, aneuropathies, neurosyphilis, thalamic syndrome, herpes simplex. Pathophysiology of pain, types of pain, hyperalgesia algesia, and allodynia. Pathophysiology of headache. Pathophysiology of tendon jerk, knee, ankle, biceps and triceps. Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy, muscle tone changes. Pathophysiology of basal ganglia lesions. Pathophysiology of chorea, athetosis and hemiballismus. Pathophysiology of parkinsonism, pathophysiology and causes of course tremors and fine tremors. Pathophysiology of gait change, pathophysiology of social behaviour. Pathophysiology of ataxia, sensory and motor ataxia. Pathophysiology of memory disturbances, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, speech disturbance. Pathophysiology of balance and equilibrium complete and incomplete section of spinal cord. Causes of aphasia. Pathophysiology of corneal opacity, cataract, glaucoma, pathophysiology of errors of refraction, myopia, and hypermetropia, pathophysiology of visual pathway disturbance, disturbances colour vision. Deafness. Pathophysiology of hearing disturbance. Pathophysiology of anosmia, hyposomnia pathophysiology of taste disturbances, ageusia hypogeusia and dysgeusia. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis, muscle dystrophy, intestinal colic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics, pathophysiology of demyelinating disease pathophysiology of muscle denervation. Pathophysiology of botulinum and tetanus toxoid, Eaton-lambert syndrome, schizophrenia, pathophysiology of depressions.