Pathophysiology I

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. outline causes and mechanism of cellular adaptations, cell injury, cell death and apoptosis, cancer and aging; 2. describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of anaemias; 3. state disorders of haemostasis; 4. explain blood transfusion and its complications; 5. outline autoimmune diseases, allergy and immunological hypersensitivity reactions; 6. state and describe disorders of peripheral circulation; 7. describe disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction; 8. outline the pathophysiology of heart failure, hypertension and ischemic heart disease; 9. differentiate obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases; 10. discuss pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary oedema; 11. explain nephritic and nephrotic syndrome; 12. describe the pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure; 13. discuss tetany and pathophysiology of cramps; and 14. define acidosis and alkalosis.

Introduction to pathophysiology. Cellular response to persistent stress, adaptations hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, atrophy, intracellular accumulations, cell injury death and senescence mechanisms of cell injury, programmed cell death and necrosis, cellular ageing. Pathophysiology of prolonged bleeding time, purpura, haemophilia, hemoglobinopathies, pathophysiology of sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hypersplenism. Pathophysiology of anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, pathophysiology erythroblastosis fetalis, incompatible blood transfusion. Pathophysiology of palpitation, cardiac arrhythmia, heart block, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, murmurs, pathophysiology of heart failure, hypertension, Reynold’s disease, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary hypertensions and cor pulmonale. Pathophysiology of cerebral blood flow disturbance (stroke), pathophysiology oedema and lymphedema, pathophysiology of syncope and postural hypotension. Respiratory distress syndrome, Pathophysiology of haemothorax hydrothorax and pneumothorax. Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia, hypoxia and cyanosis, Undine’s curse, pathophysiology of respiratory acidosis. Pathophysiology of tachypnoea, apnoea and asphyxia. Pathophysiology of cough and sneezing, hiccup and yawning. Pathophysiology of albuminuria, nephritic and nephrotic syndrome, acute tubular necrosis. Glycosuria, pathophysiology of kidney stone, hydro-nephrosis, pyelonephritis and haemonephrosis. Causes of haematuria, causes of urine retention, dehydration and over- hydration.