CCMAS Course Search

Descriptive terms. Plans and terms of relationship of the human body. Terms of comparison. Attachment of muscles. Types of muscles. Movements of joints. Osteology. Principles of Kinesiology. General organisation of body systems. Upper limb. Pectoral region and mammary gland. Axilla and brachial plexus. Deltoid and scapular regions. Arm, forearm, hand, bones and joints.

Infectious disease, past and present. Mode of transmission of infectious disease. Nature and classification of bacteria of medical importance. Mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence. Microbial metabolism and multiplication. Specification defence mechanisms against bacteria. Exotoxin-producing bacteria. The process of bacterial destruction (sterilisation and disinfection). The normal flora of the human body. Description and identification of the following organism, Salmonella typhii, Shigella spp, Mycobacterium spp, Brucella spp, Corynebacterium spp, Clostridium spp, Spirochaetes, Listeria, Yersinia spp, Vibrios, Campylobacterium spp, Enterobacterium, Actinobacterium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Actinomyces and Nocardia Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia spp.

Infectious disease, past and present. Mode of transmission of infectious disease. Nature and classification of bacteria of medical importance. Mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence. Microbial metabolism and multiplication. Specification defence mechanisms against bacteria. Exotoxin-producing bacteria. The process of bacterial destruction (sterilisation and disinfection). The normal flora of the human body. Description and identification of the following organism, Salmonella typhii, Shigella spp, Mycobacterium spp, Brucella spp, Corynebacterium spp, Clostridium spp, Spirochaetes, Listeria, Yersinia spp, Vibrios, Campylobacterium spp, Enterobacterium, Acinetobacterium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Actinomyces and Nocardia Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia spp.

Basic anatomy and physiology of eye and orbit. Basic anatomy of vitreous and retina, symptoms suggestive of vitreoretinal diseases (flashes, floaters, blurring, distortions, abrupt or progressive dimming of vision, abrupt or progressive loss of peripheral visual field in one eye). Examination of the normal fundus with direct ophthalmoscope. Fundus features of important systemic diseases (diabetic, hypertension). The red eye. Painful/painless acute vision loss. Ocular injuries. Chemical burns.

History of microscope. Types and components of a microscope. Principle and specialised microscopy techniques. Microscopy tissue processing. Introduction to advanced diagnostic techniques. Review of embryogenesis and odontogenesis. Terminologies in oral pathology. Histo-techniques. Tooth and craniofacial anomalies. Benign lesions of the oral cavity. Malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Benign and malignant lesions of salivary glands. Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region. Benign tumors of odontogenic origin. Malignant tumors of odontogenic origin.

History, definition and scope of orthodontics. Normal development of occlusion and oral function. Growth of facial skeleton, including theories of facial growth, classification, aetiology, epidemiology, and health risks associated with malocclusion. Malposition of teeth and mal- relation of arches. Introduction to orthodontics, development and growth of facial skeleton, eruption of teeth, occlusion and oral function, malocclusion in the early and late dentition stages. Principles of space analysis, health risks associated with malocclusion, classifications of malocclusion and indices used in orthodontics. Principles of orthodontics. Tooth movement including different types of tooth movement. Review of clerkship, with emphasis on clerking of an orthodontic patient.

Historical perspectives in periodontology. Periodontal anatomy and physiology and pulpal- periodontal relationships. Tooth deposits. Dental stains. Oral hygiene methods and products. Oral hygiene indices. Principles of occlusion and occlusal problems. Review of clerkship, with focus on clerking a periodontal patient.

Definition, historical concepts and the development of modern pharmacology, therapeutics, clinical pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacology in relation to the health professions. Medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing. The role of pharmacology in the drug industry. Drug development, evaluation and control. Role of pharmacology in public health, social and preventive medicine. Information source. How to search for drug information, use of reference and cross–reference, book index, journals, list of useful reference books. Origin/source of drugs. Routes of administration of drugs. Biological membranes and transport of drugs, drug- body interaction. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Absorption and influencing factors. Drug distribution in the body compartment and fluid volumes, binding to plasma proteins, tissues and organs; passage into the CNS, passage across placenta. Biotransformation. Chemical pathways of drug metabolism, sites of biotransformation, liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system, Phase I and Phase II reactions, types of phases I, types of phase II reactions (glucuronidation, acetylation, glycine conjugation), inhibition, depression and induction of enzymes. Major routes of drug elimination and termination of effects (renal, biliary and faecal excretion), other minor routes (lungs, skin). Rates of drug absorption and elimination, measurements of clearance and apparent volume of distribution, factors influencing clearance and distribution, bioavailability, half-life, first pass effect. Use of pharmacokinetics in designing dosage regimes. Loading dose, 211 maintenance dose. Clinical relevance of drug metabolism. Individual differences, drug-drug interactions, interaction between drugs and endogenous compounds. Factors affecting pharmacokinetics processes, disease, feeding status, age, sex. Pharmacodynamics. Mode of action of drugs. Molecular mechanism of drug action, drug receptor interactions, drugs acting on enzyme systems, non-specific interaction of drugs with living systems. Dose-effect relation of drugs. Dose-response curve, concentration-effect curve, potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, biological assay, effective dose (ED50), toxic dose (LD50), lethal dose (LD50), receptor binding of agonists and antagonists, competitive and non-competitive antagonists, partial agonist, receptor-effector coupling, spare receptors, other antagonism, chemical and physiological. Variability in individual response. Idiosyncrasy, pharmacogenetics, hypo-and hyper-reactivity, hypersensitivity, tolerance, tachyphylaxis. Adverse drug reactions, dose- related drug toxicity, acute and chronic over dosage. Drug dependence and addiction, underlying biological basis of addiction as a disease, differential diagnostic criteria for drug abuse vs. dependence and their differences, mechanism of action within the CNS of major drugs of abuse. Signs and symptoms of overdose caused by major drugs of abuse (including alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines), signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of opioid abuse and dependence and their relative benefits and side effects; pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of alcohol abuse and their relative benefits and side effects. Drug discovery and clinical trials, phases of clinical trials. Differences between single and double-blind designs for clinical trials. Definition of IND and NDA. Ways in which a clinical drug study is evaluated.

Definition, historical concepts and the development of modern pharmacology, therapeutics, clinical pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacology in relation to the health professions. Medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing. The role of pharmacology in the drug industry. Drug development, evaluation and control. Role of pharmacology in public health, social and preventive medicine. Information source. How to search for drug information, use of reference and cross–reference, book index, journals, list of useful reference books. Origin/source of drugs. Routes of administration of drugs. Biological membranes and transport of drugs, drug- body interaction. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Absorption and influencing factors. Drug distribution in the body compartment and fluid volumes, binding to plasma proteins, tissues and organs; passage into the CNS, passage across placenta. Biotransformation. Chemical pathways of drug metabolism, sites of biotransformation, liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system, Phase I and Phase II reactions, types of phases I, types of phase II reactions (glucuronidation, acetylation, glycine conjugation), inhibition, depression and induction of enzymes. Major routes of drug elimination and termination of effects (renal, biliary and faecal excretion), other minor routes (lungs, skin). Rates of drug absorption and elimination, measurements of clearance and apparent volume of distribution, factors influencing clearance and distribution, bioavailability, half-life, first pass effect. Use of pharmacokinetics in designing dosage regimes. Loading dose, maintenance dose. Clinical relevance of drug metabolism. Individual differences, drug-drug interactions, interaction between drugs and endogenous compounds. Factors affecting pharmacokinetics processes, disease, feeding status, age, sex. Pharmacodynamics. Mode of action of drugs. Molecular mechanism of drug action, drug receptor interactions, drugs acting on enzyme systems, non-specific interaction of drugs with living systems. Dose-effect relation of drugs. Dose-response curve, concentration-effect curve, potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, biological assay, effective dose (ED50), toxic dose (LD50), lethal dose (LD50), receptor binding of agonists and antagonists, competitive and non-competitive antagonists, partial agonist, receptor-effector coupling, spare receptors, other antagonism, chemical and physiological. Variability in individual response. Idiosyncrasy, pharmacogenetics, hypo-and hyper-reactivity, hypersensitivity, tolerance, tachyphylaxis. Adverse drug reactions, dose- related drug toxicity, acute and chronic over dosage. Drug dependence and addiction, underlying biological basis of addiction as a disease, differential diagnostic criteria for drug abuse vs. dependence and their differences, mechanism of action within the CNS of major drugs of abuse. Signs and symptoms of overdose caused by major drugs of abuse (including alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines), signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of opioid abuse and dependence and their relative benefits and side effects; pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of alcohol abuse and their relative benefits and side effects. Drug discovery and clinical trials, phases of clinical trials. Differences between single and double-blind designs for clinical trials. Definition of IND and NDA. Ways in which a clinical drug study is evaluated. 77

Introduction to physiology and its place in Medicine. The composite cell, cell membrane and transport mechanisms, membrane potentials. Physiology of excitable tissues. Functional organization of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Basic characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Introduction to human genetics. Biotechnology and human genome.