CCMAS Course Search

Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, Venn diagrams. Real numbers, integers, rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and series, theory of quadratic equations, binomial theorem. Complex numbers, algebra of complex numbers, the Argand diagram. De-Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity. Circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, addition and factor formulae.

Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative, as limit of rate of change. Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching, integration as an inverse of differentiation. Methods of integration and definite integrals. Application to areas and volumes.

Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative, as limit of rate of change. Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching, integration as an inverse of differentiation. Methods of integration and definite integrals. Application to areas and volumes.

Ambiguous genitalia/disorders of sexual differentiation and maturity. Definition of DSD. Types of DSD. Clinical features. Investigations. Management. Thyroid disorders. Types, Metabolism and Sources of vitamin D. Action of vitamin D. Definition of vitamin D deficiency. Aetiology of vitamin D deficiency. Effects of vitamin D deficiency. Diabetes mellitus. Definition of diabetes mellitus, types of diabetes mellitus, clinical history and examination that suggest a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Risk factors for developing type 1 and 2 diabetes. Diagnoses of diabetes mellitus. Order appropriate confirmatory diagnostic serum and urine tests for 118 diabetes mellitus. Insulin preparations. Treatment regimens for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Definition of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diagnosis of ketoacidosis. Laboratory investigations for ketoacidosis. Treatment of ketoacidosis. Complications of diabetes mellitus. Plan for monitoring patients with diabetes. Metabolic Rickets and vitamin D disorders. Normal thyroid gland physiology. Functions of thyroid hormone. Different types of thyroid disorders. Clinical features of thyroid disorders. Work up of thyroid disorders. Management.

Drugs used in endocrine disorders. Physiology of neuroendocrine hormonal regulation, specifically the regulation and function of the hypothalamus pituitary growth hormone axis. Hypothalamus pituitary reproductive axis. Hypothalamus pituitary prolactin axis. Adenohypophysis hormones and related substances, anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormones. Use of specific neuroendocrine drugs in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (recombinant HGH, somatropin, synthetic GHRH, sermorelin, recombinant IGF-1). Growth hormone excess (octreotide, Pegvisomant). Infertility (HCG, menotropins, urofollitropin, follitropin, synthetic GHRH and analogues, Gosselin, GnRH antagonists, ganirelix) and Hyperprolactinaemia (dopamine receptor antagonists, bromocriptine). Indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and therapeutic considerations for the major neuroendocrine hormones and pharmacological drugs. Adrenocortical steroids. Role of ACTH and HPA axis in regulation of corticosteroid synthesis. Principal physiological responses to both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, especially role of cortisol and exogenous glucocorticoids in negative feedback suppression of the HPA axis. Use of synthetic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid drugs in treatment of adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia; therapeutic uses of adrenocorticosteroid in non-endocrine disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation and cancer. Pharmacology of adrenocorticosteroids synthetic analogues (hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) and inhibitors (metyrapone, aminoglutethimide.). Diabetes mellitus pathophysiology, type I and II, fundamental differences in types, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic goals. Pharmacological differences between the various insulin formulations, especially in their duration of action (rapid-regular- intermediate- and long-acting insulins), specifically which insulin types are used to control post-prandial glucose levels versus fasting glucose levels. Use and clinical benefits of an intensive insulin therapy regimen in type I diabetes. Indications, mechanism of action, clinical effects, adverse effects and contraindications of drugs used in management of type II diabetes. Sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors, modulators of incretin pathway, pramlintide, glucagon, insulin, understanding which drugs used for treatment of type II primarily affect either post-prandial or fasting glucose levels. Concept of combination therapy with oral drugs, as well as potential use of insulin therapy in type II. Current treatment algorithm approved by the American Diabetes Association for type II diabetes. Effectiveness of tight glycaemic control in prevention of macro- and microvascular complications; treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Thyroid and Anti-thyroid Drugs. Role of thyroid hormone in regulating development, metabolism and calorigenesis. Steps in synthesis of tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), endocrine regulation of T3 and T4 production and feedback loops, physiological role of T3 and T4 and changes associated with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone preparations. Thyroid hormone antagonists, thioamides, propylthiouracil, methimazole, carbimazole, thiocyanate, ionic inhibitors, perchlorate, Iodine, other drugs, propranolol and hydrocortisone. Gonadal hormones, oestrogens and progestins, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses (contraception and hormonal replacement therapy in menopause), adverse effects and contraindications, pharmacological actions and clinical uses of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Androgens, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse effects and contraindications of androgens (testosterone, 234 dihydrotestosterone, methyltestosterone) and their antagonists (finasteride, flutamide, spironolactone).

Drugs used in endocrine disorders. Physiology of neuroendocrine hormonal regulation, specifically the regulation and function of the hypothalamus pituitary growth hormone axis. Hypothalamus pituitary reproductive axis. Hypothalamus pituitary prolactin axis. Adenohypophysis hormones and related substances, anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormones. Use of specific neuroendocrine drugs in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (recombinant HGH, somatropin, synthetic GHRH, sermorelin, recombinant IGF-1). Growth hormone excess (octreotide, Pegvisomant). Infertility (HCG, menotropins, urofollitropin, follitropin, synthetic GHRH and analogues, Gosselin, GnRH antagonists, ganirelix) and Hyperprolactinaemia (dopamine receptor antagonists, bromocriptine). Indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, contraindications and therapeutic considerations for the major neuroendocrine hormones and pharmacological drugs. Adrenocortical steroids. Role of ACTH and HPA axis in regulation of corticosteroid synthesis. Principal physiological responses to both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, especially role of cortisol and exogenous glucocorticoids in negative 102 feedback suppression of the HPA axis. Use of synthetic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid drugs in treatment of adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia; therapeutic uses of adrenocorticosteroid in non-endocrine disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation and cancer. Pharmacology of adrenocorticosteroids synthetic analogues (hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) and inhibitors (metyrapone, aminoglutethimide). Diabetes mellitus pathophysiology, type I and II, fundamental differences in types, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic goals. Pharmacological differences between the various insulin formulations, especially in their duration of action (rapid-regular- intermediate- and long-acting insulins), specifically which insulin types are used to control post-prandial glucose levels versus fasting glucose levels. Use and clinical benefits of an intensive insulin therapy regimen in type I diabetes. Indications, mechanism of action, clinical effects, adverse effects and contraindications of drugs used in management of type II diabetes. Sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors, modulators of incretin pathway, pramlintide, glucagon, insulin, understanding which drugs used for treatment of type II primarily affect either post-prandial or fasting glucose levels. Concept of combination therapy with oral drugs, as well as potential use of insulin therapy in type II. Current treatment algorithm approved by the American Diabetes Association for type II diabetes. Effectiveness of tight glycaemic control in prevention of macro- and microvascular complications; treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Thyroid and Anti-thyroid Drugs. Role of thyroid hormone in regulating development, metabolism and calorigenesis. Steps in synthesis of tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), endocrine regulation of T3 and T4 production and feedback loops, physiological role of T3 and T4 and changes associated with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone preparations. Thyroid hormone antagonists, thioamides, propylthiouracil, methimazole, carbimazole, thiocyanate, ionic inhibitors, perchlorate, Iodine, other drugs, propranolol and hydrocortisone. Gonadal hormones, oestrogens and progestins, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses (contraception and hormonal replacement therapy in menopause), adverse effects and contraindications, pharmacological actions and clinical uses of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Androgens, physiological actions, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse effects and contraindications of androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, methyltestosterone) and their antagonists (finasteride, flutamide, spironolactone).

Endocrine system. Introduction and neuroendocrine relationship. Hypothalamo-pituitary axis, Endocrine glands, normal, hypo- and hyper-functions. Other hormones of some clinical importance. Physiologic anatomy of male and female reproductive system. Male and female sex hormones. Cyclicity of hormone secretion in females. Physiology of contraception. Assisted fertility techniques.

Endocrine system. Introduction and neuroendocrine relationship. Hypothalamo-pituitary axis, Endocrine glands, normal, hypo- and hyper-functions. Other hormones of some clinical importance. Physiologic anatomy of male and female reproductive system. Male and female sex hormones. Cyclicity of hormone secretion in females. Physiology of contraception. Assisted fertility techniques.

Materials and steps in root canal treatment. The access cavity. Instrumentation. Working length determination. Obturation. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Endodontic surgery. Endodontic considerations for deciduous and immature permanent teeth. 249

Concept of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship/corporate entrepreneurship). Theories, rationale and relevance of entrepreneurship (schumpeterian and other perspectives, risk-taking, necessity and opportunity-based entrepreneurship and creative destruction). Characteristics of entrepreneurs (opportunity seeker, risk taker, natural and nurtured, problem solver and change agent, innovator and creative thinker). 183 Entrepreneurial thinking (critical thinking, reflective thinking, and creative thinking). Innovation (concept of innovation, dimensions of innovation, change and innovation, knowledge and innovation). Enterprise formation, partnership and networking (basics of business plan, forms of business ownership, business registration and forming alliances and joint ventures). Contemporary entrepreneurship issues (knowledge, skills and technology, intellectual property, virtual office, networking). Entrepreneurship in Nigeria (biography of inspirational entrepreneurs, youth and women entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship support institutions, youth enterprise networks and environmental and cultural barriers to entrepreneurship). Basic principles of e-commerce.