Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. define disorder of sexual development (DSD) and list the types of DSD; 2. describe the normal thyroid gland physiology; 3. list the functions of thyroid hormone and enumerate different types of thyroid disorders; 4. describe the work up of thyroid disorders and outline the management of thyroid disorders; 5. list the types of vitamin D and discuss the metabolism of vitamin D; 6. list the sources of vitamin D and describe the action of vitamin D; 7. discuss the aetiology of vitamin D deficiency; 8. explain the clinical history and examination that suggest a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; 9. list the risk factors for developing type 1 and 2 diabetes; 10. outline the diagnoses of diabetes mellitus; 11. explain how to order appropriate confirmatory diagnostic serum and urine tests for diabetes mellitus; 12. describe the insulin preparations; 13. enumerate the treatment regimens for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes; 14. outline the diagnosis of ketoacidosis; 15. enumerate the laboratory investigations for ketoacidosis; 16. explain the treatment of ketoacidosis; 17. enumerate the complications of diabetes mellitus; 18. describe plan for monitoring patients with diabetes; 19. define rickets and discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of rickets; and 20. enumerate the clinical features, investigation and treatment of rickets.

Ambiguous genitalia/disorders of sexual differentiation and maturity. Definition of DSD. Types of DSD. Clinical features. Investigations. Management. Thyroid disorders. Types, Metabolism and Sources of vitamin D. Action of vitamin D. Definition of vitamin D deficiency. Aetiology of vitamin D deficiency. Effects of vitamin D deficiency. Diabetes mellitus. Definition of diabetes mellitus, types of diabetes mellitus, clinical history and examination that suggest a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Risk factors for developing type 1 and 2 diabetes. Diagnoses of diabetes mellitus. Order appropriate confirmatory diagnostic serum and urine tests for 118 diabetes mellitus. Insulin preparations. Treatment regimens for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Definition of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diagnosis of ketoacidosis. Laboratory investigations for ketoacidosis. Treatment of ketoacidosis. Complications of diabetes mellitus. Plan for monitoring patients with diabetes. Metabolic Rickets and vitamin D disorders. Normal thyroid gland physiology. Functions of thyroid hormone. Different types of thyroid disorders. Clinical features of thyroid disorders. Work up of thyroid disorders. Management.