CCMAS Course Search

Basic principles, Decay schemes of Radionuclide production, cyclotron design and performance, radiopharmaceuticals, impurity levels. Equipment for nuclear medicine generators, procedures, contamination monitoring. Radioisotope image, gamma camera electronics, uniformity correction, dead time performance factors – collimators, shielding requirements, internal dosimetry. Disposal of radioactive waste. Planar imaging, PET, SPECT-PET-CT- principles of operation, procedures, dosimeter and image analysis. Designs of MR scanners: Open, closed systems. Superconductors, Permanent magnets, Resistive magnets. Cooling mechanisms, Nitrogen, Helium and many others. Oxygen levels. Oxygen gauges and meters, Oxygen displacement by helium. Loss of superconductivity. Quench, Shielding systems, The Faraday’s cage. Strength of Magnets. Magnet homogeneity. Shimming, Characteristics of the main magnet Strength of the field produced. Tesla (T). Gauss. Magnets in clinical use and in research. Parameters, image quality and trades off: SNR, Slice Thickness FOV, Matrix, NEX, Pixels and voxels. Slice thickness, slice Gap. Noise, Partial volumes. FOV, Matrix, Number of excitations, Acquisition time. TR, TE, Receive bandwidth. Spatial Encoding and Image Formation: The homogenous magnetic field, Behaviour of protons in the magnetic field, Protons and Lamour frequency, Slice direction, Phase direction and Frequency direction, Slice encoding gradient, Slice select gradient, Use of varying bandwidth, Modifying the steepness of the gradient, Gradient fields, Frequency encoding, Phase encoding, K – Space filling, Fourier transformation. Techniques --- Central Nervous System: Coil selection, Immobilisation devises, Ear defenders, Aids for claustrophobic patients—mirror glasses, eye shields, Artefact considerations, Use of saturation bands, Flow compensation, Indications for MRI in the brain and spines, Parameters and, image quality considerations, Patient positioning, Important landmarks and reference points, Protocol selection, Essential and complementary sequences, Image weighting for particular, indications, Thick and thin slices, High resolution slices, Contrast enhancement, Introduction to diffusion weighted imaging.

Cell theory and genetic apparatus, radiation chemistry, effect of radiation on DNA molecules, amino acid, protein and many others, cellular damages, survival curves. Theories of Biological effects of radiation, short and long term effect (stochastic and non-stochastic, radio sensitivity and Modifiers, post irradiation clinic events, organ pathology syndromes, evidence from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Target theory and lethal Dose. Measurement of radiation and their units/instrumentation, units of radiation measurement. Role of International Committee on Radiological protection, Radiation dosimetry and instrumentation. The purpose and scope of radiation protection. Systems of dose limitation. Radiological design and materials, Personnel monitoring.

Conventional and contrast Radiographic Anatomy of the system. Anatomy applied to ultrasound and nuclear medicine. Surface anatomy and cross- sectional anatomy. Identification and recognition of normal and pathological changes in anatomical structures and physiological processes. Basic manifestations and presentations of various pathological conditions and diseases entities on radiographs, ultrasound, CT and MR images covering the major organs and systems of the body.

Mains supply, Basic Principles of Generators including Falling load generators and frequency multipliers. Control and stabilising equipment. High tension circuits, Meters, Switches and circuit breakers.

The X-ray tube, types, construction and operation. high tension cables, tube stands, production, effects and control of scattered radiation. General principles of grids, coordinators and beam centering devices, portable and mobile X-ray equipment. Special Equipment – Tomographic Equipment, Fluoroscopic Equipment, Dental Equipment, Equipment for Neuroradiography, accident and emergency equipment, Image Intensifiers, Rapid series Equipment. Dedicated mammography Equipment.

Digital computed radiography. Basic principles of Equipment for modern imaging modalities, care and maintenance of equipment. Digital fluorography system and components, Dedicated and adapted units and Computer and Digitisation requirements, Digital subtraction angiography(DSA), Road-mapping and quantitative information extraction. Importance of quality assurance in Radiology. Type testing acceptance testing and on-going quality Assurance on the following: Image producers, image processors, image receptors, U/S; image reject analysis. Management/Evaluation of quality Assurance programmes.

Photographic principles, X-ray film materials and structure. The Radiographic image, Latent image formation, Fluorescence and its application in Radiography. Intensifying screens, X-ray film cassettes, structure and care. Cassette function tests. Chemistry of processing solutions, hazards, sensitometry, storage of X-ray films. Identification and presentation of Radiographs; viewing of Radiographs. Processing – manual and automatic silver recovery.

Daylight systems, duplication and subtraction of radiographs, automated film handling systems. Photographic principles and devices. Dark room design. Principles of fibre optics and video transmission. Digital image instrumentation and processing.

Computed radiographic systems; Digital processors (Hardware and software); Archival and retrieval. Quality assurance of image receptors and processors;post aquisition image processing and effects on image quality; chemical image processing and environmental and silver conservation methods

Other contrast examination, aortography, venography. Ventriculography, Encephalography, Sinography, Fistulography, Ward Radiography. Geriatric, Pediatric Radiography, Principles of Tomography, Macro-radiography, xero- radiography, Digital imaging.