CCMAS Course Search

General introduction to photogrammetry. Relationship of photogrammetry to land surveying, Remote sensing and GIS. Aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry. Classical and digital photogrammetry. Application areas of photogrammetry. Components of photogrammetric camera, photographic processes, distortions and resolution of film-based camera. Working principles and properties of digital cameras. Aerial Photography: classification according to camera axis inclination, angular coverage and photographic materials. Geometry of photographs. Image and object space and coordinate systems, photo scale, tilt, relief displacement and ground coverage. Photographs as perspective projections and difference from maps. Uses of stereoscopes, stereo-plotters (analogue, analytical and digital), comparators and ortho- projectors. Introduction to Photo Interpretation.

Stereoscopy, parallax and height determination. Procedure for interior, relative and absolute orientations. Strip and block formation, stereo-model error analysis. Aero-triangulation by independent models. Stereoscopic models. Model and photo-coordinate systems, measurement and correction of image coordinates. Mathematical relationships between image and object space. Conformal, affine and projective equations. Rotation, collinearity and coplanarity conditions and equations. Space resection and intersection, analytical relative and absolute orientations. Introduction to analytical plotting. Terrestrial photogrammetry methods and applications. Photogrammetric data processing.

Review of photo-coordinates determination. Collinearity and coplanarity principles, bundle and block adjustments. Processes and tasks involved in digital photogrammetry. Generic digital photogrammetry environment and integration with GIS and CAD systems. Software & hardware requirements for digital photogrammetry and digital photogrammetric work stations. Advantages and characteristics of digital images. Spatial, radiometric and spectral resolutions, geometric accuracy, digitization, sampling, quantization of grey levels and noise. Data acquisition for digital photogrammetry using digital cameras, scanners. Data compression, image processing, image enhancement and restoration techniques and image resampling.

Review of least squares application in photogrammetry. Collinearity and Coplanarity concepts and least squares methods in relative orientation. Strip, bundle and block adjustments. Systematic effects in photogrammetry. Image matching, DTM generation, digital orthophoto creation. Digital line map production, digital monoplotting. Digital photogrammetry using appropriate software. Principles and methods of photogrammetric mapping using Drone technology. Computer applications in photogrammetric projects.

The earth and its gravity field. Gravitation, gravity and potential. Geoidal undulation and deflections of the vertical, geo potential numbers, orthometric, dynamic and normal heights. Size and shape of the earth, geoid as figure of the earth and other approximations. Gravity observations, absolute and relative gravity values, gravity reduction and gravity anomalies. Inverse problem in physical geodesy. Gravimetric, astro-geodetic, astro-gravimetric and satellite altimetry methods of determining the figure of the earth.

Identification of all types of projects of interest in Survey and Geoinformatics. Choosing, design and planning of project. Acquisition of data, quality assessment of data, documentation, and processing of data. Analysis of results and plotting of map/plan. Production of technical report on the project. Minimum Academic Standard Equipment To achieve the standard benchmark for this programme, there should be provision of at least one (1) equipment for every five (5) students for a particular type of equipment. That is, the ratio of equipment to students should be 1:5. Examples are: one theodolite for every five students, one computer for every five students, one GPS receiver for every five students and so on. Therefore, the following minimum equipment with appropriate accessories are recommended: 6 theodolites; 6 levels; 6 compasses; 6 Tachymeters; 12 GPS (6 handheld; 3 single and 3 dual frequencies) receivers; 3 smart stations; 3 total stations; 1 gravimeter; 1 hydrographic boat; 30 desktop computers; 1 workstation; 5 laptop computers; 5 survey umbrella; 4 A4 printers; 1 A3 printer; 1 A0 printer; 1 A3 scanner; 1 A0 scanner; 1 digital camera; 1 photocopier; 4 walkie talkies; 5 pocket stereoscopes; 2 stop watches; 5 mirror stereoscopes; 1 stereo-plotter; 1 comparator; 1 drone; 1 echo sounder; 2 tide gauges; 1 digitizing table; 5 light tables; 10 tapes/chains; 20 ranging poles; 2 dark glasses; 2 Rheolof prisms; 3 multimedia projectors; 2 measuring wheels; 1 head Pan; 1 spade; 1 wheel barrow; I hand trowel; 1 sledge hammer; 1 electricity generator; 1 public address system; software (ArcGIS; ERDAS; ILWIS; QGIS; AUTOCAD; MATLAB; Gravity processing software; GNSS Solution and Drone software). Staffing Academic Staff The required minimum number of academic staff (Lecturers) should be 10. That is, 2 Professors/Associate Professor, 2 Senior Lecturers and 6 other categories of lecturers such as Lecturer I, Lecturer II and Assistant Lecturers. In addition, 2 Graduate Assistants/Teaching Assistants/Demonstrators should be included to help the lecturers in conducting tutorials. Administrative Staff The required minimum number of administrative staff members include: 1 Confidential Secretary, 1 Clerical officer, 1 Typist, 1 Messenger and 1 Cleaner. Technical Staff The required number of Technical Staff shall consist: 3 Technologists (HND Holders) and 1 Technician (OND Holder). Library In addition to the library resources at the University central library, the programme should be provided with fully equipped library and information technology centre with minimum of 5 computers, Internet connectivity, 5 reference books, 5 periodicals, 5 Journals for each of the areas of specialisation in the programme and audio-visual materials. The computers should be fully connected to the e-library section of the University central library having e-books and e- journals in all areas of specialisation of the programme. Classrooms, Laboratories Clinics Workshops and Offices Space Use Minimum (m²) 1. Professors Office Academic 24 2. Head of Department Administration 24 3. Senior Lecturer Academic 20 4. Lecturer Academic 16 5. Assistant Lecturer Academic 12 6. Senior Technical Staff Technical 12 7. Senior Administrative Staff Administration 12 8. Junior Technical Staff Technical 10 9. Junior Administrative Staff Administration 10 10. Studio Space Students 30 11. Lecture Space Students 75 12. Seminar Space Students 30 13. Laboratory Space Students 30 14. Library Students 35 15. Social Space Students 40 16. Storage Space Students 30

Basic concept of Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic radiation and spectrum. Energy interaction with atmosphere and earth surface. Spectral reflectance curves. Passive and active sensing. Platforms, sensors and resolution. Satellite orbital types and characteristics. Overview of popular active sensors which includes MeteoSat, NOAA, LandSat, SPOT, Ikonos, and Quick Bird. Aerial survey missions such as UAVs. Radiometric, spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions and multispectral imagery. Image analysis, visual interpretation and image classification. Presentation of remote sensing data and results.

Analytic digital image processing system. Computer imaging systems, image representation in colour space. Image sampling quantization, quality measurement, data products, storage and retrieval. Photo systems and dip systems. Pre-processing (Encoding and decoding). Sources of image degradation, atmospheric, radiometric and geometric errors, systematic and non- systematic correction and image geometry operations. Image Enhancement, image characters, histogram, scatter plots, statistics and spatial statistics for processing, image models. Spatial transforms, enhancements, radiometric and geometric operators. Fourier transforms, scale space transforms, image fusion and texture analysis. Image classification, spectral discrimination pattern, matching Baye’s theorem- signature and feature extraction and training. Supervised and unsupervised methods, error matrix and accuracy estimates. Image analysis, concept of uncertainty, fuzzy partitioning, neural nets, sub-pixel classification concept, pattern recognition, feature descriptors. Remote sensing applications, Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS.

Review of methodologies in Surveying and Geoinformatics. Techniques in research methods. Identification of research problems, review of related literature and justification for the research. Description of data source, acquisition, quality and presentation of data, processing of data. Presentation and analysis of results, research findings, conclusions, recommendations and research contributions to knowledge. Rreferences and appendices.

Basic concept of satellite geodesy. Geometric and dynamic techniques. Methods of observations. Satellites orbits, normal/perturbed orbits. Mathematical model, error behavior and applications of satellite techniques. Types of satellites. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite laser ranging and satellite altimetry. Anatomy of Global Position System (GPS). Description, observations, mathematics models, error analysis, software structure and data processing in GPS. Classical and modern 3–Dimensional approaches to geodetic networks. Global coordinate system and applications of satellite to positioning and figure of the earth, gravity field determination and geodynamics.