Systemic Pathology II

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. describe congenital anomalies (epispadias, hypospadias, phimosis), cryptorchidism, orchitis, ambiguous genitalia, testicular torsion, tumours, BPH, and prostate cancer; 2. explain abnormalities of Mullerian duct fusion, PID, vulval dystrophy, vulva/vaginal cancer, chronic cervicitis, CIN and cervical cancer, DUB, endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometriosis and adenomyosis, uterine tumours, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumours and Pre- eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic diseases; 3. enumerate inflammatory disorders of acute mastitis, mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis, benign epithelial lesions- fibrocystic change, proliferative breast disease, breast carcinoma and male breast, gynaecomastia, carcinoma; and 4. discuss fractures, rickets/osteomalacia and osteoporosis, genetic bone disorders, osteomyelitis, bone tumours, paget's disease, arthritis and (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, seronegative arthritis), gout and other crystal arthropathies.

Male genitalia. Congenital anomalies (epispadias, phimosis, posterior urethral valve), cryptorchidism, orchitis, ambiguous genitalia, testicular tumours, BPH, prostate cancer. Female genitalia. Congenital anomalies (abnormalities of Mullerian duct fusion), PID, vulval dystrophy, vulva/vaginal cancer, CIN, cervical cancer, endometriosis, endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine tumours, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumours, pre-eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic diseases. Breast, inflammatory disorders (acute mastitis, mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis), benign epithelial lesions (fibrocystic change, proliferative breast disease), gynaecomastia, breast tumours. Urinary system, renal cysts, glomerulonephritis, tubulo-interstitial nephritides, obstructive uropathy, nephropathy associated with malaria and other infections and infestations. thrombotic microangiopathies, congenital anomalies, renal tumours, cystitis, bladder cancer. Musculoskeletal system, fractures, rickets/osteomalacia, osteoporosis, genetic bone disorders, osteomyelitis, bone tumours, paget’s disease, arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, seronegative arthritis, gout and other crystal arthropathies). Central nervous system, raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, congenital anomalies, stroke, head injuries, intracranial haemorrhage, meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, demyelinating disorders, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s chorea), spongiform encephalopathies, CNS tumours, skin, acute and chronic dermatoses, bullous diseases, verrucae, common skin infections, non-melanoma skin cancers (squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma), melanoma.