Lectures in Radiology

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. list the components of an X-ray unit and explain the process of X-ray generation; 2. describe the principles of fluoroscopy; 3. explain the principle of contrast in the different imaging modalities; 4. describe the physical basis of image formation of computed tomography; 135 5. discuss the scale of Hounsfield units (HU) and the principle of window centre and width; 6. describe the normal anatomy of the various organs on CT; 7. list the basic principles of image formation with MRI; 8. explain the safety issues in the MRI environment with regard to patients and staff; 9. describe the basic principles of image formation with ultrasonography and to list the tissue properties that determine it; 10. list the principles of the doppler effect; 11. discuss the basic infrastructure of imaging informatics, including picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and radiological information systems (RIS); 12. enumerate the relative values of and indications for radiography and CT in chest imaging; 13. explain when to refer a patient to radiography, CT or MRI of the chest; 14. discuss imaging patterns in chest radiology including consolidations, nodules, hyperlucencies, hyperinflation; 15. describe the imaging appearance of pulmonary infections, TB, pneumonia and opportunistic infections related to HIV/AIDS; 16. enumerate the typical chest radiography appearances and common causes of pleural effusion, pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax; 17. explain the typical imaging appearances of bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary metastases on radiographs and CT; and 18. list the imaging signs of pulmonary embolism.

Introduction and overview of radiological sciences. Definition of radiology. Classification of radiology into diagnostic and interventional radiology. Introduction of the imaging equipment used in radiologic practice, X-ray machines, fluoroscopy machines, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound scan machines, mammography machines, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography. The descriptive terminologies used in radiologic practice in ultrasound scan, hypo echogenicity, plain radiography and fluoroscopy, radionuclide imaging. Basic reactions and management of the different types of adverse reactions from the use of contrast media in radiologic practice. The radiology request form, how to properly fill a radiology request form. Overview of Chest radiology. Relative values of and indications for radiography and CT in chest imaging. Imaging patterns in chest radiology including consolidations, nodules, hyperlucencies, hyperinflation, opacification. Imaging appearance of pulmonary infections such as TB, pneumonia and opportunistic infections related to HIV/AIDS. Typical chest radiography appearances and common causes of pleural effusion, lung abscess, lung collapse, pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax. Typical imaging appearances of bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary metastases on radiographs and CT scan. Imaging signs of pulmonary embolism. Imaging features of chest trauma. Uro-genital radiology. Imaging modalities for evaluation of uro-genital disorders, these includes plain radiography (KUB), ultrasonography, intravenous urography (IVU), micturating cysto-urethrography (MCUG), retrograde urethrography (RUG), CT urography, Hysterosalphingography (HSG), Vasography, Flush genito-graphy. Relative values of and indications for radiography, ultrasonography, CT and MRI in urogenital radiology. Contrast medium management in renal failure. Imaging features of the most common diseases of the kidneys and of the urinary tract which include both congenital and acquired, benign and malignant, infections/infestations, pyelonephritis, renal abscess, schistosomiasis, uro-genital TB. Imaging features of some common congenital urological anomalies, posterior urethral valves, congenital hydronephrosis, renal agenesis, different types of ectopic kidneys, ureterocoeles. Benign renal lesions, simple renal cysts, polycystic kidney diseases, classifications of the different types of renal cystic disorders. Imaging features of common rental and bladder tumours as are seen on the contrast studies, CT scan, Ultrasound scan, MRI. Imaging features of trauma to the uro-genital systems especially trauma to the kidneys 136 and the urinary bladder. Imaging features of the most common pathologies of the prostate, urinary bladder, urethra (urethral strictures), seminal vesicles and testes- ranging from infections/infestations to tumours, benign and malignant. Introduction to interventional procedures in uro-genital radiology such as percutaneous nephrostomy. Nephrolithotomy. Ureteral stenting. Balloon dilatation of ureteral stricture. Lithotripsy. Extra corporeal wave lithotripsy (ECWL). Ultrasound guided drainage of renal cystic lesions including abscesses. CT/MRI guided biopsies. Paediatric radiology. Radiology in obstetrics. Gynaecology and women imaging. Cardio-vascular radiology. Abdominal radiology. Interventional radiology. Musculo-skeletal radiology. Neuro-radiology and ENT radiology.