Analytical Procedures and Practicals

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. demonstrate how to send suitable samples to the laboratory; 2. determine blood gases and blood PH; 3. estimate blood glucose by the glucose oxidase method (a specific method), and by the ferricyanide reduction method (a nonspecific method); 4. determine urine specific gravity osmolality and qualitative tests for protein, glucose and reducing substances, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen and blood; 5. demonstrate spectroscopy of haemoglobin and its derivatives in blood; 6. apply non-invasive modern methods of monitoring hyperbilirubinaemia such as cutaneous bilirubinometry; 7. determine occult blood in faeces. 8. estimate protein with different methods; 9. conduct electrophoresis of plasma proteins, haemoglobins and iso-enzymes; 10. demonstrate column chromatography; 11. conduct paper and thin layer chromatography of sugars and amino acids in urine; 12. demonstrate determination of serum enzymes; 13. conduct radioimmunoassay of hormones in blood; and 14. estimate 17-oxosteroid in urine, biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.

Specimen collection, different types of samples, tubes, sample identification, separation of plasma or serum, collection and preservation of urine specimens. Determination of blood gases and blood PH. Determination of glucose. Glucose estimation in blood by the glucose oxidase method (a specific method), Glucose estimation in the same blood by the ferricyanide reduction method (a nonspecific method) and strip test for glucose in blood (semiquantitative method). Plotting of oral glucose tolerance test curves for a normal patient and a diabetic patient. Urinalysis. Determination of urine specific gravity osmolality and qualitative tests for protein, glucose and reducing substances, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen and blood. Haemoglobin and haemoglobin derivatives in urine. Spectroscopy of haemoglobin and its derivatives in blood. Non-invasive modern methods of monitoring hyperbilirubinemianaemia such as cutaneous bilirubinometry. Estimation of blood gases, including use of pulse oximeter. Occult blood in faeces. Different methods of protein estimation. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins, haemoglobins and isoenzymes demonstration. Column chromatography, paper and thin layer chromatography of sugars and amino acids in urine. Determination of serum enzymes. Radioimmunoassay of hormones in blood. Estimation of 17-oxosteroid in urine, biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods of vitamin analysis in blood. Estimation of immunoglobulins. Agglutination/Agglutination inhibition tests. Immunoelectrophoresis and gel Immunodiffusion technique.