Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. define the cardiovascular system; 2. enumerate the classification of CVS disorders; 3. enumerate the general examination findings of a child with cardiovascular lesion; 4. describe the examination of the peripheral pulses and blood pressure measurement; 5. explain jugular venous pressure measurement; 6. describe the examination of precordium; 7. describe the role of chest radiograph, ECG and echocardiography in the diagnosis of common CVS disorders; 8. identify clinical features of cyanotic heart disease; 9. define hypercyanotic spells; 10. describe acquired heart diseases, acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, infective endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, Kawasaki disease; 11. explain basic principle in history taking of the respiratory system and list steps in general physical examination and investigation relating to the respiratory system; 12. discuss classification of disorders of the upper airway; 13. define asthma, mechanism/pathophysiology, treatment, prevention, communication; and 14. describe the wheezing child.

Evaluation of the cardiovascular system, epidemiology and aetiology of common cardiovascular disorders. Classification of CVS disorders. General examination findings of a child with cardiovascular lesion. Examination of the peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement. Jugular venous pressure measurement, examination of the precordium. The role of chest radiograph, ECG and echocardiography in the diagnosis of common CVS disorders. Congenital heart disease I. Classification of acyanotic congenital heart diseases. Pathophysiology and clinical features of ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrial septal defects (ASD) and persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA). To recognise the peculiar clinical features of VSD, ASD and PDA. The role of chest radiograph, ECG and echocardiography in the diagnosis of VSD, ASD and PDA. Medical treatment, intervention cardiology and the role of surgery in the management of acyanotic heart disease. Congenital heart diseases II. Classification of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Pathophysiology and clinical features of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. To recognise the peculiar clinical features of tetralogy of fallot (TOF). Clinical features and management of hypercyanotic spells. The role of chest radiograph, ECG and echocardiography in the diagnosis of TOF. Typical chest radiograph, ECG and ECHO findings of common cyanotic CHDs. Medical treatment, intervention and the role of surgery in the management of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Heart failure in infancy and childhood, definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes by age, management. Acquired heart diseases, acute rheumatic fever. Rheumatic valvular heart disease. Cardiomyopathy. Infective endocarditis. Myocarditis. Pericarditis. Kawasaki disease. Evaluation of the respiratory system, brief anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Basic principle in history taking of the respiratory system. Steps in general physical examination relating to the respiratory system. Examination of the respiratory system. Investigation of the respiratory system. Communication. Disorders of the upper respiratory tract. Definition of the upper airway. Classification of disorders of the upper airway. History and common clinical presentations, investigations, communication. Asthma and chronic 116 respiratory disorders. Definition of asthma, mechanism/pathophysiology, history taking/presentation, investigation, treatment, prevention, communication. The wheezing child.