Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. describe anatomy and functions of the retina, macula; 2. list symptoms suggestive of vitreoretinal disorders; 3. recognise fundus features of normal fundus, important systemic diseases, important ocular diseases with direct ophthalmoscope; 4. recognise retinal arteriolar narrowing, copper/silver wiring on dilated fundoscopy; 5. detect disc oedema on dilated fundoscopy; 6. recognise retinal exudates and haemorrhages on dilated fundoscopy; 7. demonstrate confrontational visual fields test with recognition of hemianopias; 8. define amaurosis fugax and discuss visual changes; 9. explain the importance of recognising traumatic hyphaemia as a risk factor for acute visual loss in sickle cell anaemia; 10. discuss clinical, Werner, classification of thyroid orbitopathy and treatment; 11. describe adnexal, anterior segment, posterior segment features of HIV; and 12. explain ocular features of leprosy and onchocerciasis, WHO classification/staging of trachoma, SAFE Strategy in trachoma control.

Signs and symptoms of ocular conditions that are associated with important systemic diseases and diagnosis. Hypertension, diabetes, sickle cell disease, thyroid (graves) disease, myasthenia gravis, HIV (AIDS). Tropical ophthalmology (leprosy, trachoma, onchocerciasis). Dilated fundus examination to recognise retinal haemorrhages, exudates, retinal arteriolar narrowing (copper and silver wire), disc oedema.